A NEW AND VASTLY IMPROVED EDITION 



INDUSTRIAL KESOURCES 

\VISCONSIN, '^' 

Containing numerous new subjects, not in t.lie firft edition; sucli ns a sketch o' 
ilie Natural Jlistory of the State; brief s'kelches of its altered condiiiun 
at ditferent periods and the causes lending thereto A new theory of 
the origin of our American Lakes; and numerous Iliscussious on 
the various Natural Phenomena o1.iserval)le in the St.ites. Also, 
the JUograjihy of Jycadinp; Men. im-huJing clorgj'mcn of 
all denominations, I'hvf'icians-, iy-iwyers, Moiiilicrs of 
Congress, Members of the .Senate and Assembly, 
Judges, all occupying a place in any corpor- 
ation, either in town or county. Professors 
in schools and colleges, first-class Mer- 
chants, Manufacturers of every de- 
.scription. first-class Agricul- 
turists, etc., (!t<' . et'- , 

BY 
C. E., late Af. O. S. ]).. AI. E. .\., V. P. I.. T. S. i).. &c. 

PRESTDKNT 01" TffK COl.T.l'OK Of 

CIVIL ENGINEKPvING. MINING AND AGRICULTURE IN 
Irelaad; Author of the Practics and Pi-tilosopliy of Arithme- 
tic, Practical Georr\etiy, Conic Sections; Plain and Spheri- 
cal Trigor\f)n-\etry; Course of Civil iingineering^^ Tri- 
gonoir^etrical Surveying, etc., etc. Also, Author of 
numerous Papers on Natural Philosophy, 
Geology, Political Economy, Agri- 
culture. Astronomy. &<■ <ii;c. 



MILWAUKEE: 
MILWAUKEE NEWS COMPANY, PRINTERS. 
• 1872. 






m B00l£S 

4^- 









^ 



^ DEDICATION. 

Honorable Alexander Mitchell, Member of Congress, First District, 
IVisconsin : 

Sir : — It has been the common practice of authors, from time im- 
memorial, to dedicate the result of their labors to some person of 
high standing, commanding respect by reason of good personal qual- 
ities and public usefulness — two essential qualities to make hmi re- 
spected and popular. 1 could enumerate the many cjualities of head 
and heart that have contributed to make you respected and popular, 
but the task would be as distasteful to you as it would be repugnant 
to me, lest 1 should be suspected of arlulation — a sin of which I was 
never guilty, and never shall be. Such a task, on my part, would be 
needless ; as the steam engine roars out your name, in a voice of 
thunder, as it moves along with the speed of an eagle, on railroads 
passing through the state in every direction ; the diligent schoolboy, 
on examumtion days, with gladdened heart, runs home from school 
with breathless haste, bearing away from liis idle and truant school- 
mates the Mitchell prize, which he presents to his mother as a 
pricelesi trophy, filling her heart with joy. The model bank at the 
corner of East Water and Michigan streets, publishes your name far 
and near. It is like a fountain sui)plied by a living stream of pure 
water, flowing from an inexhaustible source, inviting those who are 
thirsty to come to the fountain and drink to allay their thirst. The 
new church, with its stately spire, reaching toward heaven, and loud- 
.sounding bell earnestly inviting sinners to come thither with repent- 
ant hearts to worship the living (lod, echoes your name as a patron. 
The orphan houses of the city proclaim your name, with gratitude, 
in noisy prattle ; and, in short, your name is heard wherever your 
munificence is needed. 

I am sorry, sir, that the work I dedicate to you, is not more worthy 
of your patronage. It shows but little of '' the light of other days," 
the tablet of my memory being defaced by time, my sight being 
dimmed by age, and my knowledge (if I ever had any) being now 
but like the glimmering light of an expiring taper. 

The railroads through the state, the common schools, the model 
bank, the church, and orphan houses of the city, can tell your good 
works in more eloquent and appropriate terms than I can, and for 
that reason, I have left the task altogether in their hands. 

I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect and esteem, your 
much obliged, and 

Most obedient servant, 

John Gregory. 



BIOGRAPHY. 



The following is a continuadun of an abstract from the history of 
my time, commenced in the last page of the first vohniie_of this 
work : 

This distressing state of things led i.o frequent acts of outrage, 
bloodshed, and murder, too painful to contemplate. All lovers of 
law and order, all well di-posed, high and low, rich and poor, and 
especially all who had any stake in the country, were anxious to do 
anything and everything, that seemed calculated to bring about and 
establish a more friendly feeling between the contending parties — the 
landlord and tenant, ^yith this view the landed proprietors of» the 
country were consulted, and the result arrived at was, to send some 
suitable person through the disturbed parts of the kingdom to bring 
the landlord and tenant together, in order to give the former an op- 
portunity of conciliating the latter, by a faithful promise to do every- 
thing within the range of possibility to improve the condition of his 
tenantry. Different plans were proposed to effect so desirable an 
object, and the one adopted, was to send a qualified person to lecture 
through the country on the subject of agriculture, advising every land- 
lord to purchase a ticket for e\ ery tenant on his property. A great 
deal depended on^^the character of the person appointed to go on 
this mission. He must be a man of good standing and well known; 
tree from political bias and religious fanaticism. His previous history 
must prove his desire to imjjrove the condition of his country by 
cultivating a good feeling between parties mutually dependent on each 
other ; and such is the relation of landlord and tenant. One depends 
on the other ; and a sensible, good landlord, will consult the interest 



6 BIOGRAPHY 

of his tenant as well as his own. They form a joint stock company. 
The landlord puts in his land as his share of the stock in trade, and 
the tenant puts in his cattle, his farming implements, his knowledge, 
and his labor, as his part of the stock in trade. Thus connected, the 
one should consult the interest of the other as .well as his own. The 
moment any of the parties depart from this principle, the partnership 
ends in the ruin of the one and in the injury of the other. Having 
looked about for a suitable person to go on this mission of peace, a 
gentleman was chosen who, for some reason, was rejected or refused 
to act. This gentleman was favorably known as a good landlord, 
and was a general favorite with the tenant party throughout the king- 
dom, by reason of his advocacy of every measure calculated to improve 
the condition of rhe farming community, v/hile a member of the 
British House of Commons, in which capacity he served for many 
years of his life. The next gentleman proj^osed was an accom)jlish- 
ed scholar and a good landlord, who held a high official position for 
many years. He also was rejected or refused to accept the appoint- 
n)ent. The next person recommended was myself. I was recom- 
mended by a large number of the landed proprietors, among whom 
Avere several noblemen possessing .large estates in the country, and on 
their recommendation, 1 got the appointment. It is a curious event 
in •' the history of my time," that so humble an individual as myself 
should be appointed to so important a mission — one not possessing 
either talent or a single estate in the country. I believe my appoint- 
ment was solely due to the fact that I never took an active part in 
poHtics, with the exception of voting with the Liberal party ; that 1 
was tolerant in my religious views, and entirely free from bigotry, and 
that I was known to, and in good favor with, the protestant and cath- 
olic bishops of Ireland, and the clergy of all denominations. It is 
true that I had a large yearly income, derivetl from my profession, as 
civil engineer ; from the sale of my publications, brick and peat 
presses, leveling instruments, and from a variety of other sources ; 
and that I had an establishment for many years not inferior to many 
in the metropolis ; and that I knew more of the tenure of lands, 
and their quality and value than most jjcrsons in the country, by rea- 
son of my connection with the improvements of large estates, and 



BIOGRAPHY. 7 

my practice, as an agricultural lecturer, in most parts of the kingdom 
or many years. 

Having accepted the appointment of peacemaker as not likely to 
interfere with my professional duties as civil engineer, to any injurious 
amount, I reported myself read) to commence my tour. The coun- 
ty of Tipperary, at this time, especially the North Riding, was the 
scene of murder committed in the open day, as well as in the gloom 
of night. The whole frame of society was completely disorganized 
and shaken to its foundation ; the law set at defiance, no gentleman 
safe who ejected, or even who threatened to distrain a tenant ; and 
as to any one taking land over the head of another, as the phrase 
went, his doom was soon sealed with his own blood. 

.Some one from a distant township was employed to do the work of 
destruction, his fee being only nominal, often not exceeding two or 
three pounds sterling. The obnoxious landlord or agent being point- 
ed out to him, he took his aim and brought down his victim. Many 
of these barbarous and inhuman deeds were committed in the noon- 
day, as the murderer well knew that no one witnessing the fiendish 
act dare bring him to justice. The spirit of intimidation was so uni- 
versal, and the punishment of the informer so rigidly carried out and 
enforced that no one ventured to bring justice to bear on the open- 
day assassin. From this frightful state of things, in the North Rid- 
ing of Tipperary, of which Nenah is the chief town, I was instructed 
to deliver my first course of lectures there, that town being in the 
midst of the disturbed district. In compliance with my instruction.s^ 
1 set out for that place as soon as circumstances would permit. On 
my arrival at Nenah, the first friend I visited was Dr. Tracy, who had 
scarcely time to exchange civilities with me, when a man made his ap- 
pearance, out of breath, and apparently much excited. He lost no 
time in announcing his message. He requested the doctor to pro- 
ceed at once to the outskirts of the town where he supposed a man 
had been shot, which message the doctor instantly obeyed ; and after 
having been away for about half an hour, he returned with the mel- 
ancholy news, that a party were proceeding on an outside car to eject 
a tenant or to serve him with a law process preparatory thereto, when 
they were met by a party who saw them coming, and who ordered 



8 r. 1. ci i; a v ji y . 

them at once U) return on jiain i)f instant death ; but the huidloul 
party not seeming to obey the ])eremptory command of the tenant 
party, the latter shot one or two of the former on the s|)ot, and broke 
the horse's skull with stones. Tliis little incident, I thought, was rath- 
er an ominous and inauspicious commencement for myself, whose 
mission was to proclaim peace, and prove to one ])arty that it was 
much better and more conducive to their hapi:)iness here and hereaf- 
ter to learn the best method of agriculture, and cultivate habits of 
order, temperance, obedience to the laws, and industrial activity, than 
to shoot down landlords ; and to prove to the other party, that it 
was much better for them 'to regard their tenants as partners in trade 
and protect their interests as well as their own, liy acts of kindness 
and forbearance in years when visited by unforseen misfoi tunes over 
which theyhad no control and which no human power could prevent, than 
to carry on a crusade of extermination against a class who were bend- 
ing under the weight of rack-rents, which, with the greatest econo- 
my and labor, could never be paid; of taxes which operated unequal- 
ly on different classes of tithes, *^which, though paid at this time by the 
landlords, but which the tenants argued were indirectly paid by them 
for the support of a church in the doctrines of which they had no 

••■The Protestant Episcopal ClnircU in Irelnnil, has bern disestablished by an 
Act of Parliament, recently passed in the Plnglish House of Coramons, by which 
the Roman Catholics and dissenters of every denomination liavc not to pay tithes 
or church rates, directly or indirectly, iivhich is but a conmion act of justice. 
The present administration •vrould appear to bo inclined to do full justice to that 
country. The holders of land are in a better condition, at present, th.an they 
liave been for centuries, and the working classes are much better paid for their 
labor, ■which is increasing in demand by reason of the yearly stream of emi- 
gration of the ■working classes to this country. The concessions recently granted 
by the English government to the Irish people ; the extraordinary change in 
the vie'Prs and sentiments of the tory party; and the passing events of the day, 
are generally indications of a disposition to give the Irish all that they can rea- 
sonably desire or demand. It is therefore to be hoped, that they -will in future 
cultivate habits of industry and order: cease from holding public esliibitions or 
party processions, calculated only to exasperate and lead to bloodshed: that they 
will be more tolerant in religion, and cease to hate one another, because of dii- 
ferent creeds, remembering that all arc worshipping the same God according 
to the best of their knowledge and belief. This hatred being known to exist 
only among the illiterate and lower orders, no such feeling being known to exist 
among the more enlightened and better classes; that they will forgive and forget 
past grievances, in accordance with the words in the Lord's Prayer, "forgive 
u3 cur trespasses as we forgive those that trespass against ns." In view of all 
these facts, it is to be ardently hoped, that the Irish will banish from their 
mLnds all idea of rebellion and revolution, and live in peace and harmony with 
one another. 



BIOGK.APHT. g 

belief, and from which they derived no benefit. This barbarous mur- 
der, committed in broad day light, in the outskirts of a populous 
town, and in a district densely peopled by a race remarkable for fight- 
ing at fairs and markets, and by no means distinguished for their obe- 
dience to the laws, but possessing many fine traits of character, was 
not an event calculated to inspire me with a high hope of effecting 
much good. However, I was resolved to make the trial, and, with 
this view, I called on an old friend of talent and influence, to consult 
with him, as to the best way to proceed. This friend was O'Brien 
Dillon, a gentleman long known and respected for his consistent ad- 
vocacy of the claim of the Roman Catholics to an equal participa- 
tion in all the privileges enjoyed by protestants, from which they had 
been wrongfully excluded for centuries. The first duty I had to dis- 
charge was to procure a lecture hall. There were only two in the 
town. The one was called the people's hall or temperance hall, I 
forget which. This hall had been hired by a musical party from 
Dublin some short time previous to this, in which they announced to 
give a concert on a given day. The concert was attended by all the 
higher classes of the town and surrounding country. But the spirit 
of party feeling ran so high at this particular time, and the hatred of 
the masses was so intense of the upper classes, that they ejected all 
the ladies and gentlemen from the hall in double quick time, by pelt- 
ing them with rotten eggs and other putrid substances, and otherwise 
roughly handled them. .Lord Dunally, among the rest, had to run, 
all besmeared with filth and dirt. My friend, O'Brien Dillon, ex- 
pressed his fears that this treatment of the better classes would pre- 
vent them from attending my lecture, if delivered in that hall. The 
non-attendance of the landlords would completely defeat my plan. 
Mr, Dillon said that I would be in no better position if I held forth 
in Dobbs' church, by which name, the bank, to which was attached 
the second lecture hall, was known. 

Captain Dobbs was a gentleman of moderate means. He was 
pious, charitable and humane. He had peculiar notions as to religion, 
and devoted a good deal of his time, without fee or reward, to in- 
struct others, and impress others with the truths of his peculiar doc- 
trines. Though he was allowed by all to be pious, charitable and 

2 



10 B I () G 11 A V 11 Y , 

humane, yet it was not considered safe for Roman Catholics to enter 
a house built by him for religious purposes, for which, however, it had 
not been used for many years before. Captain Dobbs had left the 
town altogether some years before, and a part of the building, called 
Dobbs' church, had been occupied as a bank and the other part oc- 
casionally rented for public meetings. I me't the Catholic clergy, who 
expressed an ardent wish that I might succeed, but shared in Mr. Dil- 
lon's fears from the feeling and hostile attitude of the people, and the 
terror left on the minds of the gentry by the recent conduct of the 
multitude. By this time 1 met a large number of the landed gentry, 
who, to a man, entered their protest against holding the meeting in 
the people's hall. I went in the evening to dine at Lord Dunally's, 
where I got the same history of the concert riot. Captain Dobbs was 
brother to Mr. Dobbs, of Castle Dobbs, an eminent lawyer, who held 
a seat in the British Parliament a few years before. I knew both 
brothers, and can bear testimony to their general character, as gentle- 
men of high honor and true benevolence. If I mistake not, they are 
the sons of Francis Dobbs, who became a man of singular reputa- 
tion, not from the part he took in demanding and enforcing the peo- 
ple's rights and the independence of his country, though few were 
more prominent and active, but from the singularity of his views on 
religious subjects ; he seemed to possess two distinct minds, the one 
adapted to the duties of his profession, as a lawyer, and the usual 
offices of society ; the other, diverging from its natural centre, led him 
through wilds and ways rarely frequented by the human understand- 
ing, entangled him in a maze of contemplative deductions from reve- 
lations to futurity and frequently decoyed his judgment beyond the 
frontiers of reason. His singularities, however, seemed to separate 
from his sober judgment, so that each followed its appropriate occu- 
pation without interruption from the other, and left the theologist 
and the prophet sufficiently distinct from the lawyer and the gentleman. 
All the respectable parties, of whatever creed, denounced the con- 
duct of the multitude in the concert case, and seemed to be equally 
concerned about the melancholy state of the country. And having 
been advised by the better classes of both parties to lecture in the hall 
attached to the bank, I commenced forthwith. And the attendance 



BIOGRAPHY. ll 

proved how well founded were the fears of the respectable part of the 
community, as scarcely a dozen of the tenant farmers came to hear 
mc, though every one for miles around was supplied with a free tick- 
et, purchased by the landlords. 

What I witnessed during the (ew days I spent in Nenah, told a 
melancholy history of the state of society in that district. The God 
of Nature has done everything to make it one of the most desirable 
places under the sun. The land is of unequaled fertility, and the popu- 
lation composed of some of the finest looking men that could be 
found anywhere. The cattle are large and lazy with fatness. The 
horses and sheep are good of their kind, and the hogs grow fat on the 
bare grass. The eye is relieved by the eternal verdure of the fields 
which flow with milk and honey, and the Shannon — the Irish Missis- 
sippi — flows by its side, invigorating and enriching its banks, alrearly 
rich to fatness. Nature has spread out a table calculated, by the 
quality and elegance displayed in the arrangement of the viands, to 
please the most critical eye and satisfy the most fastidious taste. But 
all these heavenly gifts are abused by reason of the distracted state of 
the country. 

The next place I went to was the city of Limerick, where I was 
met, by appointment, by Mr. Stafford O'Brien, of the county of Clare, 
then secretary of the Munster Agricultural Society and paternal un- 
cle to William Smith O'Brien and Tord Inchiquin. Previous to my 
leaving DubHn, my esteemed friend. Sir Mathew Barrington, Bart., 
told me that he had made arrangements with the committee or trus- 
tees of the philosophical buildings in Limerick to give me the free 
use of them for my lectures, but on applying to the committee or 
trustees, I was told that by a resolution of that effect, I could not 
have them less than a certain sum, besides paying other expenses, 
which I considered too much to assume, and especially as there was 
no provision made to reimburse me. So I declined to use the build- 
ing on the terms proposed. While I was engaged in making arrange- 
ments for my lecture in this beautiful city, remarkable for the une- 
qualed beauty of its women, I met many old friends and some of re- 
cent date, ; among these was a surgeon of a regiment then quartered 
in the unconquered city, commanded by the Marquis of Duro, now 



12 BIOGRAPHY. 

Duke of Wellington. My friend was glad to see me, and requested 
I should dine with him at the mess, where he would have an oppor- 
tunity of introducing me to the noble colonel. ], as a matter of 
course, consented. The dinner was first rate and the wines unsur- 
passed. All the officers were English, of high birth and fortune. 
They all seemed as little concerned about the young Ireland rebellion 
■as they were about the fifth wheel of a coach. No pickets out on 
duty — no apprehension expressed, as to the safety of the garrison — no 
allusion, even, made to the disturbance. All was gaiety, mirth, cigars. 
wine, and perfect consciousness of security, Having failed here for 
the present, I proceeded towards Listowell, and, on my way, paid a 
few flying visits, one to the Knight of Glen, and the next to his 
cousin, the Rev. Richard Fitzgerald, rector of Tarbert, where I was 
introduced to Admiral Sir Henry Blackwood, commanding the war 
fleet then anchored in the river to watch the movement of the Young 
Ireland party. Sir Henry Blackwood having considerable property in 
Ireland, and one not far from Tarbert, he expressed great anxiety for 
my success, and entered at once into all my views. He requested my 
company to dinner that day, promising to invite all the naval officers 
of the fleet to meet me and make me pass as pleasant a day as the 
shortness of the notice would permit. I accepted the invitation with 
much pleasure, and had every reason to bless my stars for the acci- 
dental meeting which made me acquainted with a gentleman of high 
standing, considerable fortune, illustrious family, and varied informa- 
tion. Sir Henry had devoted considerable attention to the practice 
of agriculture, and the conversation of the evening turned a good 
deal on that subject. He piqued himself a good deal on his practi- 
cal knowledge of thorough drainage, which he carried on extensively 
on his own estates, and expressed a desire to see my work on that 
subject. He also expressed an earnest desire that I should lecture 
on thorough drainage for the special benefit of his tenants, who, he 
hoped, would take advantage of my visit to Listowell, and said he 
should write to his agent, Mr. Oliver Stokes, of Tralee, on the sub- 
ject. During the evening we discussed the relation of landlord and 
tenant. I pointed out to him the numerous hardships endured by the 
tenant class. I showed him the folly and injustice of the middle-man 



BIOGRAPHY. 13 

system, which, however, was then happily discontinued, but some- 
time before the system was very general in many parts of Ireland. A 
man Avho commanded a little ready money went to a needy landlord, 
about to start for England, France or Italy, to escape the Irish brogue 
and leaden bullet. He knows the leases of twenty or thirty small 
farms are about to expire — he offers to take the entire at a certain 
yearly rent, giving also a fine of ^^i,ooo or _^f,5ooo down. The land- 
lord being anxious to seek better society for his family, takes the fine 
and signs the middle-man's lease for thirty-one years. The lord of 
the soil and his family take their departure for the continent. The 
new landlord advertises his newly acquired property to rent to the 
highest bidder — the holdings are disposed of at rents which leave the 
middle-man a handsome yearly income over and above what he was 
to pay the head landlord. The new landlord collects the rent to the 
very day, and distrains any defaulting tenant without mercy. The 
owner of the soil is, or ought to be, the natural guardian of the ten- 
ant — the middle-man stands in no such relationship to him. He 
wants to realize as much as he can during his incumbency, and is 
perfectly careless'about the welfare of the tenant or the permanent 
improvement of the holdings. All he wants is his rent, and if the 
tenant does not pay promptly, another will. This was evidently a 
ruinous system and had to be discontinued. When the leases expired 
every sensible and humane landlord felt it for his benefit as well as his 
duty to give the tenant in possession a preference. Under the middle 
man system, the landlord lost all the profit rent of the middle-man, 
and the tenant lost the protection of the owner of the soil, which he 
had a right to ciaiin. 

The conversation embraced a wide range of subjects, among them 
was that of what is called the tenant right. In discussing this subject 
I took occasion to applaud tiie conduct of Sherman Crawford, of 
Crawfordsburn, in the County Down. For many years this gentle- 
man exerted all his power in and out of Parliament, to pass a law 
giving the tenant a right to compensation for all the permanent 
improvements he had made on his holding during his lease. The just 
right of the tenant lo this compensation admits of no argument. Argu 
ment is thrown' awayjn proving a self-evident principle. A man with 



14 BIOGRAPHY 

four or five sons, rents a farm for twenty-one years for a certain yearly 
rent. It was completely exhausted when he came into possession ; 
the buildings were in ruins, all tumbling down — the fences in a dilap- 
idated state, all the water courses closed up, no drain to carry off the 
water from the stagnant i)Ools ; no thorn hedge or furz bush to be 
seen ; no lane or by-way leading to the field or main road, passable ; 
all the wells choked up ; thistles or obnoxious weeds allowed to grow 
and spread their baneful influence all around ; and as to the drain- 
age, the farmer whose object was to scrape all he could out of the 
farm, never bestowed a thought on it. This was the condition in 
which the in-coming tenant found his new place. Ho is a man of 
industrious habits, possessing taste for im})rovemeot, with the means 
of accomplishingit within his owafamily. The father has the knowledge, 
the young sons possess the growing power. They go to work. The 
father points out the required improvement, the young sons carry out 
his plan. He first builds a good barn, and he next begins to put in 
his crops. He ploughs several inches deeper than his predecessor, by 
which he increases the extent of his farm, if not in length and breadth 
at least in depth, and therefore increases its productiveness. Fie 
begins with a stream that carries oft" all the water which falls on the 
farm. He removes all the obstructions which are composed of sand 
and mud allowed to accumulate and obstruct the free passage of the 
water, to the detriment of all the low land in its vicinity, and instead 
of throwing this accumulated obstruction awa)'', he brings it to some 
worn-out upland spot whose vegetative vitality is renewed by spread- 
ing it on. He next cuts deep narrow drains from the stagnant pools 
to some convenient outlet, carrying all the manuring substances to 
fertilize some barren spot, and the stones to help to make and repair 
the alleys leading to the fields. He thus proceeds step by step to 
improve the general condition of his farm according as his time and 
finances would permU. One year he would build a cow shed m which 
he could feed cattle without being up to his knees in mud and filth, 
and where the cattle are kept dry and clean from their own droppings 
and urine — the former being easily removed to the dung heap, and 
the latter allowed to flow away to the liquid manure tank. When he 
has more leisure he begins to make uj) his fences, cutting in the 



B I G K A P H Y . 15 

front a deep trench to carry off the water, and protect the fence from 
the depredations of cattle. The fences in the low lands, he plants 
with quick-sets, and in the upper land with furz or whiss. When his 
quick-sets begin to grow up, he trims them every year to make them 
grow closer and look more sightly. He now begins to put his'fields 
in better shape, by making all rectangular and of convenient sizes, 
and then begins to thorough drain all according to the best modes. 

During all this time, he does a little every year to improve his 
house and kitchen-garde>n, a part of which he lays out to grow vege- 
tables for the use of his house, and a small spot, he reserves for 
flowers. He is careful to use the best seeds, and change them as often 
as he can, and pays particular attention to a proper rotation of crops 
and rich manuring. When his crops are growing, he takes care to 
keep them clear of weeds, which are all pulled before they ripen their 
seeds to prevent them from spreading. If he has peat bog, he draws 
a large quantity of it at leisure time, and spreads it out on the farm- 
yard where the cattle trample it down and where it mixes with their 
urine and dung. He also scours the roads and ditches, and brings all 
the calcareous dust and rich earth to the dung heap. He even econ- 
omizes the dung and urine of the hogs and allows nothing to go to 
waste. By skill and hard labor, he makes his farm pay in five or six 
years, and afterwards makes money, besides paying his rent punctually 
and keeping his family in a respectable position. After pointing out 
what this hard-working farmer had done, and contrasting his holding 
with his neighbor's, I asked the noble and generous baronet whether 
it was right to turn him out without simple compensation for all the 
improvements he had made ? Certainly not, was his answer. His 
neighbor dragged along according to the old routine way, and was in 
a worse condition at the end of his lease, than when he had com- 
menced, while his farm would not rent for half his hard workmg 
neighbor's, acre for acre. 

The next day I started for Listowell, and took up my quarters at 
one of the hotels, where I remained only an hour or two, having 
received an invitation from Col. Home, Lord Listowell's agent, to take 
up my quarters at his house, while in that town. 



l^ Bi (Mi R A r 11 r , 

Hon. JEROME 1. CASE. 

The following sketch of the history of Hon. Jerome 1. Case, taken 
from the Western Monthly — a work of considerable merit, will be 
read with great interest, as showing what an original genius, combin- 
ing persevering industry, indomitable energy, and strict integrity of 
purpose can accomj^lish. Yew persons could be found in any 
country, who, without any external aid whatever, have made them- 
selves independent and respectable as Mr. Case. Young men, not 
born with heriditary fortunes, should read and study his history with 
great care, and strive with all their might to imitate his career through 
life. 

A little city of about twelve thousand inhabitants, situated sixty 
miles north of Chicago, on the lake shore, is to-day probably, the 
leading manufacturing town of the West. With no peculiar advan- 
tages of location, above those possessed by a score of other Western 
towns — having no water-power, mines, or timber contiguous to attract 
manufactories — the city of Racine has, nevertheless, during the past 
twenty-five years, caught and developed the same spirit which charac- 
terizes the old English manufacturing towns, where machinery and 
the desire to combine and produce seem to be the instinct which 
moves the capitalist and the laborer alike. 

The wonderful growth and prominence attained by Racine in this 
department of human industry, have not been factitous or accidental, 
but are directly attributable to the foresight, energy, and perseverance 
of one man. 

Jerome I. Case, the subject of this sketch, was born in Williams- 
town, Oswego County, New York, December nth, 1819, and is the 
youngest of four brothers. His parents, Caleb and Deborah Case, 
were among tlie pioneers of Western New York, having removed at 
an early day from Rensselaer County to Williamstovvn, where, with 
a family of little ones to support, and in limited circumstances, they 
commenced to clear up a farm in the then almost unbroken wilder- 
ness. Young Case was thus nurtured in a good school for the devel- 
opment of the two distinguishing elements of the American character 
— an idea of nobility, and an idea o^ faith ; the nobility of labor, the 
faith in one's own power. 



BIOGRAPHY. IT 

His opportunities for acquiring an education, were such as were 
afforded by the district school — which he could attend only in winter. 
At the age of sixteen, he had acquired a fair common-school educa- 
tion, and ar reputation for trustworthiness beyond his years. At this 
time his father purchased the right to use and sell a certain primitive 
one-horse tread-power threshing-machine; and it is noticeable that 
Jerome, the youngest son, was selected to manage and use the 
machine. This apparently trifling circumstance decided for young 
Case what should be his vocation. From the first, he exhibited a 
fondness for machinery, and in his first attempt managed the rickety 
one-horse tread-mill to the complete satisfaction of himself, and all 
parties concerned. This employment he followed until 1840. when 
he became of age. 

Jerome now determined to obtain as good an education as the 
schools of jMevv York State, at that time could give him. He accord- 
ingly, in the fall of 1840, commenced the threshing business on his 
own account. He had now, for the first time in his life, a distinct 
object to attain ; and he toiled with a heartiness and a perseverance 
that could hardly fail to bring success. In January, 1841, with the 
profits of his autumn's work in his pocket, he entered the Academy 
of Mexicoville, New York. It seemed to him that the object of his 
ardent desire, and for which he liad long waited, was now within his 
grasp. Self-reliant — looking upon toil as honorable and labor as 
dignifying the laborer — and strong of purpose, he devoted himself 
chiefly to those studies that would best fit him for the work he had 
decided to undertake, viz. : the construction of labor-saving 
machinery. He succeeded well in his studies, but he had raised a 
spirit that would not let him rest. Daily over his books, and nightly 
in his dreams, the inventive genius was ever busy ; and the old tread- 
mill thresher was constantly before his eyes. At the close of the 
term, he decided to leave the academy, and enter upon his life-work. 
He felt that he had a work to do, and an education to acquire outside 
of books, among men, and that he had started too late to get a 
thorough knowledge of books, and accomplish what he intended to do 
afterward. Thus, at the age of twenty-two, without capital, or friends 
able to furnish him pecuniary aid. he began the career that was to 
3 



18 BIOGRAPHY 

terminate in making him one of the leading manufacturers of tlie 
West. 

Directly after leaving school, Mr. Case turned his attention again 
to threshing machinery. In the spring of 1842, he procured upon credit 
six of these machines, and took them West with him — locating him- 
self at Racine, in the then Territory of Wisconsin. The great agri- 
cultural resources of the West' were at that time undeveloped; but 
the attention of enterprising men had been directed to these broad 
and fertile prairies, and the reading of Mr. Case had given him an 
idea of t^ie possibilities that lay hidden in them. Arriving at Racine 
— then a mere village, — he disposed of all of his machines but one, 
and with that he started off through the country, threshing grain — 
managing the machine himself, and constantly devising, during his 
hours of leisure, some improvement. In the spring of 1843, finding 
that his tread-mill machine was nearly worn out, and conscoius of his 
ability to greatly improve it, he set to work, with the aid of such tools 
and mechanics as he could find, to rebuild and remodel, after some 
patterns made by himself, his old horse-power and thresher. When 
finished and put in operation, he found not only that he had made a 
machine vastly better than the old one he had been using, but also 
that he had made a better machine than he could buy at the East. 
His success becoming known, he soon found himself able to discon- 
tinue threshing, and turned his attention to the manufacture of 
machines. 

Up to this time, invention had only succeeded in making what was 
called an open thresher — the grain, chaff, and straw being delivered 
together from the machine, requiring an after-process of winnowing 
in order to separate the grain from the chaff. In the winter of 1843-4 
Mr. Case succeeded in making a thresher and separator combined, 
after a model of his own invention, which he had made in the kitchen 
of a farm house at Rochester, Wisconsin. This was the first machine 
used in the West that threshed and cleaned the grain at one opera- 
tion. It was a success best appreciated, most probably, b}- the man, 
who for three years had labored under every disadvantage to attain 
that result. In the fall of the same year, Mr. Case rented a small 
shop at Racine, and undertook the building of a limited number 



BIOGRAPHY. 19 

of his new machines. Some adequate idea of the temperament and 
indomitable perseverance of this man, as well as the discouraging 
obstacles that he encountered, may be formed when we state that the 
most experienced agriculturalists of the State, when told by Mr. Case 
that he was building six machines for sale, asserted that if they did 
work satisfactorily, they would be more than were needed in the en- 
tire State. 

Constantly improving, remodelling and perfecting his machinery, 
Mr. Case, in 1847, erected his first shop, near the site of his present 
extensive manufactory. It was a brick building, thirty feet wide, by 
eighty feet long, and three stories in height. At the time he consid- 
ered it larger than he would ever need, but thought he would put up 
a good building that should be a credit to the town. 

Being now well established in business, he pursued with unflinchmg 
vigor, the purpose of his life. The country was developed rapidly — 
the uncultivated prairies of 1842 becoming the richly productive farms 
of 1850. The demand for the J. I. Case Thresher and Horse-Power 
steadily increased, and each year witnessed some new triumph of the 
designer's skill. Recognizing, with the true manufacturer's instinct, 
the fact that to be permanently successful it was essential, not only 
that his machines should be unsurpassed in excellence, but also that 
he should be able to manufacture them with the greatest possible 
economy of time and labor, he was constantly devising labor-saving 
machinery ; and while he was bringing slowly but surely out of the 
primitive tread-mill of Oswego County, the unsurpassed Thresher 
and Power at present manufactured by him, he was at the same time 
constantly improving the machinery of his manufactory. 

In 1855 — ^'^-y thirteen years from the time when he stood upon 
the threshold of his great enterprise — was success assured. He had 
triumphed over poverty, surmounted all obstacles, and realized by 
his own exertions the ideal mechanism he had dreamed of in his 
youth, when he used to haul to market, over the corduroy roads of 
Oswego County, a load of wood to exchange for a barrel of salt. 
His extensive manufactory — of substantial brick and wood buildings, 
occupying in all its appointments several acres of ground, situated on 
the bank of Racine river, just inside the lake harbor, with its dock for 



20 BIOGRAPHY 

vessels, its furnace, moulding room, paint-shops, belt factory, and 
dry-kilns, and its vast work-rooms filled with perfect and complicated 
machinery, all systematized and organized in as perfect order as a 
military camp — stands to-day a monument in itself to the inventive 
skill, keen foresight, and indomitable energy of the farmer-boy of 
Williamstown, and entitles him to take his place among those men of 
thought and action whose own exert'.ons have made them the repre- 
sentative men of the West. 

In 1S49, ^^^- Case married Lydia A , daughter of DeGrove Bull, 
Esq., of Yorkville, Wisconsin, — an estimable lady, of whom it is suf- 
ficient to say that in the practice of those domestic virtues which 
grace the wife and mother, and in that open-handed charity which 
adorns the female character, she is an ornament to the social position 
which her husband's eminent success has called her to occupy. 

In 1856, Mr. Case — although in no respect an office seeker — was 
elected Mayor of the city of Racine. He was tendered the nomina- 
tion again the following year, but declined the jjosition. Being urged 
by his friends to accept the nomination to the same office in 1S59, he 
consented, and was elected a second time to the mayoralty of the 
city, over the Hon. John W. Gary, his competitor. in 1S56 he was 
elected State Senator, and served with ability a term of two years in 
the Wisconsin Senate, — being noted in that body for his ready mastery 
of details and great executive ability. In politics, Mr. Case has 
always been identified with the republican party. 

In 1863, his business having assumed colossal magnitude, and 
having amassed a splendid fortune, he disposed of the greater part of 
his interest in his manufactory to Messrs. Stephen Bull. Robert H. 
Baker and M. B. Erksine, — all residents of Racine, — characteristically 
choosing for his partners practical men like himself. Since that time 
Mr. Case has gradually withdrawn from the active management of the 
business, and has devoted more of his time, and no small i)ortion of 
his capital to the furtherance of interests calculated to build up and 
promote the best good ot the city and State in which he resides. 
There are now several extensive and j^uccessful manufactories, in 
various departments of human industry, in the city of Racine, in all, 
or nearly all of which Mr. Case is personally and pecuniarily inter- 



BIOGRAPHY 21 

ested. For several years past he has been an efficienl member of the 
Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, and for the past two years 
President of the Racine County Agricultural Society ; and he was 
one of the founders, and a life member of the Wisconsin Academy of 
Sciences, Arts and Letters. 

When asked to specify to what he chiefly attributed his success as a 
manufacturer, Mr. Case replied : "I attribute my financial success 
to my strict observance of two rules which I adopted at the outset, 
and to which I have closely adhered through life. First, I made 
myself sure that the article I purposed to make was correct in principle 
and was needed; and, second, T endeavored to construct that article 
in the most perfect manner possible — always vising the best of 
materials, and constructing it in the most durable fnanner I could 
devise. By giving my whole time and attention to these two objects, 
I have realized my own expectations and the expectations of my 
])atrons. 1 have consequently nev^r manufactured an article that I 
could not warrant to perform the work it was designed to do." Said 
an old acquaintance ot his recently to one of his partners, while 
walking through the store-room of Ihe factory for the purpose of 
selecting a machine : 'vl will leave it to you to select for me a good 
machine." •' Were I choosing a machine for myself," was the reply, 
" 1 should take this one"— la3'ing his hand upon the machine by which 
they were standing — '"solely because it is the nearest to us. Of the 
twelve hundred threshers we manufacture yearly, 1 \vould not give 
one penny for the i)rivilege of having the first choice." And as in the 
construction (jf in;u hineiy. so in everything else in which Mr. Case 
invested his capital and energy, his aim was always to attain the 
highest possible degree of excellence. 

We have thus attempted to sketch the life-work of Jt;Ro.\€t: I. Cask. 
Our sketch has necessarily been most interested in the circumstances 
and external career — curriculum vit(e — of our subject ; for herein 
are clearly discernible the character and personal significance of the 
man. In the contemplation of the work he has accomplished, it 
is evident that Mr. Case is no ordinary man. His woris: is essentially 
a triumph of comprehensive forethought, strict business integrity, and 
indomitable i)erseverancc. Appreciating the true value of that wealth 



22 BIOGRAPHY. 

which his o\vn exertions, and not the accident of inheritance, gave to 
him, — surroimded by hosts of friends whom his social quaUties, friendly 
counsels and timely aid have attracted to him, — he is spending the 
evening of his busy lite in his beautiful mansion at Racine, happy in 
the society of wife and children, and in the contemplation of the 
successful and beneficent achievements of a well-spent life. 



' Hon. MILTON H. PETTIT. 

The gentleman whose name appears at the head of this article was 
born in the town of Fabius, Onondaga county. New York, October 
22d, 1825; was educated in a private academy which he attended 
only during the winter, his services being required at home in the 
summer months. Having now arrived at mature age, and being 
desirous of improving his worldly condition, he moved to the West in 
1846, and settled at Somers, Kenosha county, where he bought eighty 
acres of land, his capital, on leaving home, being the sum of fifty 
dollars. Having lived on his farm for the space of eight years, he 
moved to the city of Kenosha in 1854, where he was a grain buyer 
on the street for three years, when he bought a malting establishment 
which he conducted in connection with the grain and wool business. 
Kenosha was then a village, but was destined soon to be dignified by 
the name of city. The old building hitherto used by Mr. Pettit to 
carry on his business, being now found not of sufficient capacity, by 
reason of the rapidly increasing growth of his business, he, in 1868, 
displaced the old building, by erecting a new one, by far the largest 
of its kind in the northwest, or perhaps in the United States, meas- 
ing 240 feet in length and 65 feet in breadth and four stories high, 
the cost of building oxeeding $40,000. All^the operations carried 
on in this beautiful mammoth building are worked by steam power 
and machinery of the most approved construction. 



BIOGRAPHY. 23 

In this establishment, are manufactured 250,000 bushels of malt 
yearly, giving employment to a vast number of men, and supporting 
many families, which, to the employer, must be a source of infinite 
pleasure. Mr. Pettit, is in pohtics a republican, and has filled many 
positions of honor since his arrival in Kenosha. In 1854, he repre- 
sented the first ward of that city in the Common Council , was 
elected Mayor in 1861, 1865, 1867, and 1870. In 1870, he was 
appointed by Governor Fairchild, chairman of the committee to visit 
the various State institutions. In 1869, he was elected senator, to 
represent the Eighth district, consisting of Kenosha county, and con- 
taining a population, in 1870, of 13,177, receiving 1,172 votes 
against 807 for James Weber, a democrat. 

At the last election, which took place in November, 1870, he was 
elected lieutenant Governor of the State, to succeed Lieut. Gov. 
Pound. In all these positions, general report gives the Lieutenant 
Governor elect the credit of discharging each and every duty with 
considerable ability, strict propriety, and with an evident view to 
benefit the people; convinced that education, combined with morality, 
forms the surest and most solid foundation on which to build the 
future prosperity of the State. The subject of this sketch was always 
friendly to the common schools of Kenosha, of which he was com- 
missioner, and to institutions of learning generally, asa proof of which 
he owns a scholarship in the Beloit College. 



JOHN E. Mcmullen 

Was born October 7th, 1843, ^t Kingston, Ca.nada West, and 
removed with his parents to Wisconsin in November, 1857, and 
settled in Calumet county. 

In 1 86 1, he entered the State University at Madison, where he 
remaiwed, supporting himself and paying his own tuition fee by teach- 
ing school during the winter terms, until the spring of 1864, when he 



24 B 1 ( ' G R A V }I Y . 

left the Universitv and entered tlie army. He served in the I'ortieth 
Wisconsin regiment, and afterwards served in an Illinois regiment, 
where he saw some service, and was wounded in the right arm at the 
battle of Nashville, his regiment being then attached to the Sixteenth 
corps. On his return to Wisconsin in 1865. he went to Manitowoc, 
where he occujued the position ot principal of the first ward school 
of that city for the term of two years, and at the. same time studied 
law with Judge Wood, of that place. 

In the winter of 1867-8, he took a law course at the law school at 
Ann Arbor. Michigan, and finished his law studies under the direc- 
tion cf Judge Cooley, one of the justices of the Supreme Court of 
the State of Michigan. In 1868. he returned to Wisconsin and was 
admitted to practice in the courts of the State. In September, 1868, 
he settled in Chilton, Calumet county, and began the practice of law. 
and in November, of that year, was elected to the office of Di-^trict 
Attorney of that county, l)eing then twenty-five years of age. 

At the fall election of 1870. he was re-elected to fill the same ottice 
for another term by the voice of the people of the county, irrespec- 
tive of i)artv, no one being put in nomination against him, although 
he is a staunch and consistent democrat, and has engaged in all of 
the political canvasses since his return to the county in 1868. 

The earl}- and rapid progress of Mr. ATcMuUen gives reasonable 
assurance of his success in more mature years. His maternal grand- 
father, Mr. John Nugent, was disinherited by his family in Ireland for 
the reason that at the age of nineteen years he severed the ties of 
family and country, sailed for New York, and united his fortunes with 
the people of the colonies in their struggle against the mother coun- 
try during the re\-olutionary war. Upon his arrival in New York he 
joined the revolutionarv army and remained in tlie service until the 
close of the war. 

The juvenile course pursued by Mr. McMuUen is jiraiseworthy in 
the highest degree. It appears that he was thrown upon his own 
resources at an early age, and fought his way up to manhood with 
undaunted courage and laudable ambition, proving his unflinching 
determination, by honorable means, to raise himself, at some future 
day, to a position of honor and respectability. A knowledge of the 



BIOGRAPHY. 25 

fact, that, on his mother's side, he is directly descended from, and 
collaterally related to. a learned and noble Irish family of ancient 
lineage, may have tended to inspire the subject of this sketch with 
high aspirations, which, no doubt, would have urged him to pursue his 
course with unflinching assiduity in the hope of gaining the object 
sought. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Nugent, 
the family name of the Marquis of Westmeath, also, of Baron of 
Delvin, Earl of Westmeath, and several baronets, one of whom, Sir 
Percy Nugent, and the Marquis of Westmeath, were known to the 
biographer. Count Nugent, who received an Austrian title, was of this 
family, which claim their descent from the illustrious house of 
Ballasme, to which belonged Count Nugent, a Norman. The ancient 
name was Nogent, which was changed to Nugent, the reason of which 
change, the biographer has hicn unable to learn. 



Hon. AUGUSTUS LEDYARD SMITH. 

The gentleman at the head of this very brief sketch was born in 
April, 1835 ; graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middleton, Conn, 
in 1854 ; was tutor in llie State University of Wisconsin from 1854 
to 1856 ; became connected that year, 1856, with the Fox and Missis- 
sippi Improvement Co., as secretary and assistant treasurer, and has 
remained with them and their successors ever since, in the above 
capacity, and also as land commissioner. In 1865, Mr. Smith was 
elected to the State Senate from his district. At the reorganization 
of the State University, he was appointed a Regent, and reappointed 
at the expiration of his term. He was elected Mayor of Appleton in 
1870, and organized the First National Bank of Appleton the same 
year. 

It is highly creditable to see so young a man as the subject of this 
sketch, to have occupied, and still to occupy such important positions 
as above stated. His rapid promotion, from step to step, proves the 
great value of an early education, which very seldom fails to qualify 
the individual for the proper discharge of duties which generally 
require age and years of experience from others not educated atthe 
proper season of life. 
4 



26 BIOGRAPHY 

MESSRENE B. ERSKINE. 

The gentleman at the head of this article was born 19th December, 
1819, in the town of Roulston, state of Massachusetts, and was edu- 
cated in the town of Richmond, state of New Hampshire. He became 
an orphan at the age of four years, his father having been called to 
another world, leaving his helpless child, when only of the tender age 
of four years. After having received his education in one of the 
common schools of the above State, he began to learn the business 
of a carpenter and joiner, and afterward of a machinist, when of suita- 
ble age. The early death of his father, threw the subject of this sketch 
on his own resources, which had the effect of showing him the neces- 
sity of early exertion and good conduct to earn his living at present, 
and look to the future, with laudable and earnest hope of occupying a 
higher position at some future day; and his untiring diligence, uniform 
good conduct and general knowledge of his business, soon realized 
his hopes. 

In 1852, he came to Wisconsin and settled at Racine, where he soon 
got employment from J. I. Case, as superintendent of his business, 
which is that of manufacturing threshing machines. Having filled 
this situation for eleven years, he was taken in as partner in the house 
which is deservedly one of the most respectable in the United States, 
which position he still occupies. Mr. Erskine was a member of the 
board of supervisors of Racine county, and school commissioner of 
the city of Racine for two years; was elected mayor of the city for 
three successive terms, in 1869; 1870, 187 r, which position he holds 
still to the entire satisfaction of the citizens ; being a living proof of 
the fact, that he who commences early in life, perseveres in habits of 
industry and preserves his character unsullied, will generally arrive at 
the point he had in view. 



Hon. WILLIAM E. WORDING, 

Was born at Castine, Maine, January 21st, 181 2, and graduated at 
Waterville College, now Colby University, Maine, in the class of 
1836. la the same year appointed Professor of the Greek and Latin 



BIOGRAPHY. ^ 27 

languages and literature, ia the New Hampton Literary and Theo- 
logical Institution, New Hampshire, which position he held until 
August, A. D. 1 84 1. In November of that year, he was elected 
principal of the Cheraw Academy at Cheraw, South Carolina, and 
continued in that service for three years. 

In the meantime he read law in the office of Messrs. McKee & 
Inglis, and was admitted to practice in the law court of appeals for 
South Carolina, at Columbia, in May, 1845, ^.nd subsequently in the 
equity court of appeals at Charleston, S. C, in January, 1847. Mr. 
McKee, now deceased, was then solicitor of the eastern circuit of 
South Carolina, in the court of general sessions, and Mr. Inglis, 
subsequently became one of the judges of the court of appeals in that 
State. 

Mr. Wording removed to Racine, Wisconsin, in October, 1847, 
and continued in the practice of the law until September, 1862. In 
the year 1850, he was elected Judge of the Racine County Court, to 
fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. Andrew G. Chat- 
field, and for two subsequent terms, of four years each, successively. 
In 1858, his Alma Mater conferred on him the honorary degree 
of LL.D. 

In July, 1862, President Lincoln appointed him one of the l^'ederal 
Direct Tax Commissioners for South Carolina, under the act relating 
to the collection of direct taxes in the insurrectionary districts of the 
United States. In the latter service he has continued up to the 
month of November, 1870. 



F. ROBINSON, 

Kenosha, Wisconsin, was born at Church Stretton, Shropshire, 
England, in 1824 ; received his education in a private school; served 
an apprenticeship of five years in Iswestry as a chemist and druggist. 

At the expiration of this apprenticeship he took charge of the 
business until he and a young man by the name of J. Edv/ards emi- 
grated to the United States ; landed at New York, 1844, and took 
charge of a store in New York city for Dr. "W. B. Eager, after which 



2^ BIOGRAPHY. 

he was engaged as a clerk m the wholesale drug house of M. Ward, 
Close Sc Co., when, wishing to do something for himself by way of 
getting into business, concluded to come to the Western States. 
Landed in Chicago and engaged with N. Sawyer to come and super- 
intend a store just about to start in Southport ; came to the State of 
Wisconsin in 1846, purchased a small stock of goods in Southport in 
1847, was married in Green Bay, Wisconsin, October 3d, 1852, to A. 
M. Bertholf, daughter of H. B. & Ann Bertholf, of Pensaukee, Wis. 
Was elected alderman, First ward, Kenosha, in 1852 — 1858 and 1868, 
served as chief engineer fire department. During the year 1859 and 
i860, acted as chairman county board supervisors; in 1868 was 
elected mayor — in 1862, 1863 and again in 1869 ; his administration 
as mayor was very efficient in obtaining men and means to furnish 
men for the government during the late rebellion — Kenosha being one 
of the first cities to respond to the call for men. In the fall of 1871 
was elected member of assembly from Kenosha county by a large 
majority and the first democrat elected in Kenosha county to any 
State office in twenty-five years. He at present carries on a large 
farm near Kenosha, and is one of the ])artners of the foundry of R. 
B. Whitaker & Co., who are large manufacturers of steam engines, 
thimble skeins, kettles, sash weights, etc. 

The subject of this sketch is a universal favorite in Racine county, 
which is well known to be, for the most part, republican in politics. 
In his business and social intercourse with the people, he knows no 
one by his political sentiments. He is friendly, obliging and generous 
— upright and honorable in all his transactions, which quaUties have 
gained him many friends, and will always secure to him any position 
in the gift of the people, whenever he may be desirous of seeking it. 



Hon. THOMAS SCOTT ALLEN. 

The biography of the gentleman at the head of the following 
brief sketch is taken from the valuable history of the late American 
war by Wm. De Loss Love. 

He was born in Andover, Alleghany county. New York, in 1824, 
and was in succession a printer-boy, teacher, student at Oberlin, O., 



BIOGRAPHY. 29 

printer in Chicago, Galena and Mineral Point, county clerk and mem- 
ber of the Wisconsin Assembly. He enHsted as a private, became 
lieutenant, captain, major, and lieutenant colonel of the Second Wis- 
consin, then colonel of the Fifth, and was breveted brigadier general 
for gallant services. He was a hero in many battles, and was four 
times wounded, had several nurses shot under him, and his clothes 
cut with bullets. His father, the Rev. A. S. Alien, of Black Earth, 
buiit forts to protect our seaboard against the English in the war of 
1 813, his father's father fought in the revolution, and the family are 
of English and Scotch puritan lineage. A younger brother of the 
general, William Wirt, was taken prisoner at the second Bull Run 
battle, and nearly starved to death. He was afterward assistant 
surgeon of the Fifth. The father so long and so earnestly hated 
slavery, that the sons had a special right to fight for its destruction. 
The general was elected secretary of state in November. 1865, and 
is now editor and proprietoj- of the Northwestern, published at Osh- 
kosh. Were it not contrary to the intended plan of this work, the 
biogra[)her would feel much pleasure in giving a more copious history 
of so meritori<)us and distinguished an officer as General Allen proved 
himself to be daring the time he served in the war. A detailed 
account of the bravery displayed by the general in all the battles in 
which he was engaged during the late war, would show that his cour- 
age and military skill were of no ordinary character. The manner in 
which he discharged the onerous duty of secretary of state proves his 
honesty and competency as a public fu.nctionary — tvvo tonalities not 
always to be found, now-a-days, combined in men filling high offices of 
state. As a v>rivate citizen, no one more unexceptionable, being kind, 
agreeable, and social — three desirable qualities to which the biogra- 
pher can, of his own knowledge, bear undeniable testimony. 



THOMAS O'NEIL. 

The subject of this sketch was born and educated in Dublin, the 
capital of Ireland ; emigrated to the United States of America in 
1835, and lived in the State of New York for nine years. Having 



30 BIOGRAPHY. 

heard that the then new State of Wisconsin held out better prospects 
for a young man of active habits than the older states, he removed 
thither in the year 1844 and purchasad a farm in Greenfield, a few 
miles from the city of Milwaukee, which farm he occupied till 1856. 
About this time, the golden fields of California were attracting persons 
from every quarter, and Mr. O'Neil not being less anxious than oth- 
ers to pick up some of the glittering dust, took his departure from 
Greenfield and arrived in the golden region in 1850, where he at once 
commenced operations in the mines, in which he continued to work 
for four years, reaping a golden harvest indeed, having in a few years 
accumulated a good competency with which he returned to Milwau- 
kee in 1854, when he purchased worsted machinery which he worked 
for many years on the water-power, which had been occupied for 
many years before by the late AValter Burke, a well known resident of 
Milwaukee. Having worked the worsted machinery with great suc- 
cess, he sold the concern to Mr. Burke and returned to his farm at 
Greenfield, where in i860 he built an extensive distillery on Poplar 
creek, which ran through his farm, close to the Milwaukee & Beloit 
railroad, then projected; on the failure of which he built another dis- 
tillery on the Kinnickinick river in the town of Lake. In 1868 he 
associated himself with Reynolds & Co., tlie firm being now known as 
Dcre, Reynolds & O'Neil, who conduct business on a large scale, as 
wholesale grocers and liquor merchants at — East Water street, 
Milwaukee. This house is known to be one of the most extensive 
and respectable in the state. 

To the subject of this sketch is due the credit of being the first 
man that introduced the combing of worsted into this State, and his 
great success in the business remunerated him handsomely. The dis- 
tillery which Mr. O'Neil runs at present on the Kinnickinick liver is 
doing a large business and is of considerable dimensions, having a 
capacity of distilling 500 bushels of grain daily. An honest, active, 
and successful man of business is a blessing to all around him. Mr. 
O'Neil, by strict attention to the discharge of every dut}- — by a full 
knowledge of, and clear forethought in mercantile transactions — and 
above all by a scrui)ulous adherence to strict honesty, has become 
rich and respectable. 



BIOGRAPHY. 31 

Hon. henry S. BAIRD. 

Was born in the city of Dublin, Ireland, on i6th May, 1800 ; came 
to the United States when four years old ; resided in Pennsylvania for 
several years ; came to Ohio in 1815 ; entered the law office of the 
late Gov. Wood, in Cleveland, 1819, and continued the study of his 
profession until June, 1822, when he came to the then territory of 
Michigan; was admitted as an attorney and counselor in 1823. In 
July, 1824, came to Green Bay, then in the territory of Michigan; 
commenced, and continued to practice as an attorney, until about 
i860, when he retired from practice in the courts. For some years 
held the office of district attorney. In 1836, at the organization of 
Wisconsin as a territory, was chosen as a member of the first legislative 
council, served as president of that body during the first session, and 
resigned in 1837. In December, 1836, was appointed by Governor 
Dodge, attorney general of the territory, which office he resigned in 
1838. In 1846 was elected and served as a member of the first con- 
vention to form a constitution for the state of Wisconsin. He is now 
the oldest member of the bar of Wisconsin, and was in active and 
successful practice of the profession during a period of nearly forty 
years. In politics, was originally a Henry Clay whig ; in latter years 
has acted with the republican party. Has never been an office seeker 
and at present takes no active part in politics. 

The history of Mr. Baird will always be read with interest, as being 
one of the first gentleman of prominence that settled at Green Bay — 
a place distant from civilization, without trade or commerce, with 
intercourse witli but few except the untutored Indian of the wilder- 
ness. During a long life actively engaged in a profession that con- 
stantly brought him prominently before the public, he sustained a 
high character for honor and integrity, unsullied by a single act not 
becoming a gentleman. Such a man should not depart this life with- 
out leaving a lasting record to those that survive him. 



32 B I (» G p. A PHY. 

Uox. AVIIJJAM L. UTLEY. 

William I.,. Utley was born in the town of Monson. Massachusetts, 
on the loth da}' of July, i8r4. In 1817 his father moved to Ohio, 
settled in the town of Newbury. Geauga county, twenty miles east of 
Cleveland. The whole country was at that time a howling wilderness. 

He graduated at the highest institution of learning in that vicinity, 
a log school house ; shared in all the hardships and privations inci- 
dent to the settlement of new and uncultivated countries at that time. 
At the age of seventeen he was bound out to a trade, and at the age 
of twenty-one, ha\'ing worked himself out of the woods, he broke 
away from his home, went to the state of Nev: York, became a 
jnusician, portrait and landscape painter ; married and moved west ; 
came to Racine in Septemlier, 1844. 

Re was elected to the State Legislature in 1850, and re-elected in 
1851 ; was appointed adjutant general of the state by Oov. l''orwell; 
accomplished the first enrollment of the state militia. 

In i860, he was elected to the state senate. At the breaking out 
of the rebellion in the spring of 186 r, was appointed adjutant general 
of the State, under the direction of Gov. Randall, and put the first 
thirty thousand Wisconsin soldiers in the field. 

in January, 1862. he retired from the adjutant general's office, and 
took his place in the senate, where he took a bold and earnest stand 
in putting through the legislature those war measures which have 
made Wisconsin famous in the estimation of her sister States. In 
July, 1862, he was appointed a colonel by Gov. Salomon, and in ten 
days raised the Twenty-second Wisconsin Regiment and went directly 
to the front. Became somewhat celebrated as the first commanding 
officer that carried the laws of Congress and the proclamation of 
Abraham Lincoln thiough Kentucky, for which lie has been persecu- 
ted to the present time by the state of Kentucky. A judgment was 
obtained against him for something like a tiiousand dollars, for allow- 
ing his men to shelter a little dwarfed negro boy. In the spring of 
1863, after having marched all through Kentucky, went to Tennessee, 
participated in the severe battle of Spring Hill, March 5, 1863, where 
General Coburn's brigade, being overpowered by ten times their 



BIOGRAPHY. 33 

number, after a desperate struggle were taken prisoners. Was finally 
taken to Richmond where he enjoyed the pleasures of Libby Prisoii 
for a few months; was exchanged and returned to his command June 
^5, 1863. Removed to Murfreesboro July 4th, v/as afterwards put 
in command of the fort, defended it against the raid of Wheeler and 
Forrest. Remained in Murfreesboro until the spring of 1864, when, 
after a tedious march over the Cumberland mountains, gained the 
great army of Gen. Sherman. Was placed in the Twentieth corps 
under Gen. Jo. Hooker ; v/as engaged in the battles of Rockeyface 
Ridge, Resaca, Dallas Woods, Golgotha Church, Kenesaw Mountain 
and in skirmishes too numerous to mention. In short, participated 
in all the fighting to the taking of Atlanta, though was compelled to 
leave the service before reaching Atlanta on account of ill health, 
having served two years with the brave Twenty-second Wisconsin 
boys, almost constantly on duty in the face of the enemy. 

In July, 1865, purchased the Racine Journal, which he has con- 
ducted nearly seven years with great success. In April, 1869, received 
the appointment of postmaster at Racine, which position he holds at 
this time ; and considers himself good for several years of warfare 
with evil, let it come under what guise it will. 

Few persons could be found so successful as Col. Utley has been. 
He commenced the world without the advantages of an early educa- 
tion, hereditary fortune or family influence, and fought the battle of 
life with great success, proving him to be a man of genius, energy and 
perseverance. With a scanty education acquired in an isolated log 
house, probably located in the bush, or at all events, at a distance 
from a town or city, he learned a mechanical trade which he changed 
for a profession requiring good taste, and a knowledge of nature; in 
time, he is found in the legislature, making and repealing laws, oppos- 
ing what he considers wrong, and advocating measures which he 
considers best calculated to promote the interest of the state ; again 
we find him adjutant general of the state, organizing a militia for 
national defences ; he now enters the army to fight the battles of his 
country, and is rapidly promoted to high rank ; and is nov/ conduct- 
ing a public journal, and a postmaster. 

It is unnecessary to state that Col. Utley could not have been the 



34 BIOGRAPHY. 

recipient of so many honors conferred on him, or have accomphshed 
so much as the above history reveals without taste or talent of any 
kind. A bare recital of facts, as may be seen above, is the best 
eulogy that could be written on him. 



Hon. LUCIUS S. BLAKE. 

The subject of this sketch, one of the pioneer settlers of Wiscon- 
sin, was born at Burlington, Vt., March 14, 18 16. His father, Capt. 
Levi Blake, was a soldier of the war of 1812. His mother belonged 
to the English family of Rathbuns, who settled in America in 1746. 
Upon the paternal side he is of Irish e.xtrad ion, his father being 
descended from the eldest or Lish branch of the numerous family 
whose name he bears, through Theophilus " of that ilk," who intro- 
duced that branch into America by leaving the -'ould sod" and set- 
tli.ig in New Hampshire about the year 17 10. 

Whatever may have been the immediate cause of the removal of 

old Tlieophilus Blake to this country, whether " driven by fate " he 

left the Emerald shores, actuated by the same spirit as that which 

prompted those other members of the family whom Aloore thus 

addresses : 

"Ye Blakes and O'Donnells, whose father's resigned — 
The green hills of their youth among strangers to find, 
That repose which at home they had sighed for in v:>in." 

Or whether he left his country for his country's good. The "ould 
gintleman" seems to have possessed the peculiar desire for adventure 
and love of wandering and change of place, which, to this day, forms 
a prominent trait in the character of some of the famil}', and which 
seems to have been inherited from the originator of the name. One 
Launcelot Ap Lake, i.e. Son of the Lake, (since corrupted into Blake,) 
a wandering Knight and one of those whom tradition makes to have 
graced King Arthur's Round Table, and who, following his liege lord 
in a victorious campaign into Ireland, concluded to remain there and 
was invested with an estate from the conquered lands, as an emblem 
of royal favor, and a reward for his deeds of bravery, which may be 
found recounted in the collection of stories issued by Sir Thomas 



BIOGRAPHY. 35 

Malory in 1485. This same restless spirit took some of the 
(lescendents of Launcelot to England from whom sprang the younger 
branches of the family, rendered famous by Admiral Robert Blake, 
the indomitable old republican sailor who secured to England much 
of her naval supremacy and infused that intrepidity of spirit and 
enterprise by which the British navy has ever since been distinguished. 
Again we find this same spirit cropping out in Levi, the father of 
the subject of this sketch, for early in 181 7, we find him leaving Ver- 
mont to find a home in Western New York, where, settling in Erie 
county, he remained a few years and then removed to Crawford 
county, Pennsylvania ; but after remaming there some seven years — 
finding the country becoming too old, in 1834, taking two of his sons, 
Lucius S. and E. Sandford, the former being at that time eighteen 
years old, he started on after the Lidians and came West to Chicago 
— then consisting of Eort Dearborn and a small village. Here the 
father engaged himself at his vocation, that of contractor and builder, 
his two sons working for him and assisting in erecting many buildings 
which, until marble fronts and Mansard roofs, displaced them, were 
pointed out to curious eyes as vestiges of old Chicago. Returning in 
the fall of the year, the whole family came west as far as Cass county, 
Michigan, but the emigration fever again seizing them, the father and 
three sons struck out for the West, and, passing around Lake Mich- 
igan, followed its western shore till they arrived at Root river, now 
the site of the beautiful city of Racine; here, about seven miles from 
the mouth of the river, they staked out claims, and, bringing on the 
family, commenced farming. 

Lucius S. remained on his father's farm until twenty-one years of 
age, and then contracted to remain one year longer at twenty-five 
dollars per month, at the expiration of which time he left the pater- 
nal roof and engaged himself at Kenosha (then Southport) to Gen. 
Bulien and Samuel Hale, now of the firm of Hale, Ayer & Co., 
Chicago, to do carpenter and joiner work, receiving as compeiasation 
$1.50 per day in "store pay." At the age of twenty-threfe we find 
him still at work at the trade learned of his father, at Racine, in the 
employ of Charles S. Wright, one of nature's noblemen long since 
departed to his reward. This business Mr. Blake carried on for sev- 



36 BIOGRAPHY. 

eral years — several buildings still remaining at Racine to testify to 
his handicraft — but now having acquired something of this world's 
goods, and being fascinated withal by the youthful charms of Caroline, 
daughter of William Elliott, an English maiden but lately arrived, he 
concluded to go the way of the world and was married, the union 
being blessed with five children of whom death has taken two. In 
the year 1843, perceiving the necessity of the country and the large 
amount of wheat growing, he commenced the manufacture of fiirrn- 
ing implements, making fanning mills a specialty. At first the 
business was necessarily small, his capital being restricted and the 
demands of the farming community readily supplied, but year by 
year, as capital and the facilities of doing business increased the 
production, the manufactory was enlarged, until at length liis estab- 
lishment stands at the head as the largest fanning mill manufactory in 
the northv.-est. 

Although in youth debarred by the early removal of his father's 
family from the East, of all but the most meagre educational oppor- 
tunities, his indomitable perseverance, energy and natural business 
qualifications, have rendered him successful. 

While many have left Racine to look further west for homes, and 
among them every member of his father's family, he has remained 
steadily employed at his business in the place of his early adoption, 
and has seen it grow from the wild woods into a thriving city. As his 
means increased he has always sought an opportunity for investment, 
and associating with himself partners of ability and integrity — is now. 
besides the manufacturer of agricultural implements, at the head of 
the largest and most complete woolen mill in the west, which has 
gained a wide reputation in the manufacture of elegant and service- 
able shawls. 

In his investments, his own home has always had the preference, 
and to-day he occupies the position of the largest real estate holder 
in the city of Racine, owning several public building, manufactories, 
and numerous residences. While attending to his private aft'airs he 
has not been neglectful of public duties, and probably no man in 
Racine has givenmoreof his time and means or exerted his influence 
more to make Racine what she to-day is — a leading town in the State. 



B I G R A PHY. 37 

He was one of the first trustees under the village government, and 
succeeded his father as treasurer of the county of Racine. During 
1863-4 he served as provost marshal of Racine county, and has 
been city councilman for several terms and still occupies that position 
— acting as chairman of the finance committee. During the session 
of 1S70 he represented his city in the legislature of the State, and 
procured the passage of several bills of importance to the general 
interests of his constituents and the welfare of Racine city. 

In the fall of 1871 he received the unanimous nomination for 
Assemblyman, but though deservedly popular, was defeated by the 
combined exertions of the young men of Racine who preferred a 
man of their own standing. However, not being desirous of office, 
he is content if he can serve public interest in any way, and consents 
to occupy position, when by so doing public good may be accom- 
plished, satisfied to enjoy the prosperity which kind providence and 
his own toil and integrity has given him, and gratified with the assur- 
ances that the labor of his hands has been blessed with good to 
others as well as himself. 

The family name of the subject cf this sketch is one of respecta- 
bility and distinction in the County Galway, Ireland, containing two 
titles of nobilit)- — Lord and Baronet. The lords assume the title of 
Walscourt, the residence being Ardfry. 



JOSEPH V. QUARLES, Jr. 

Joseph V. Quarles. Jr., was bom at Kenosha, Wisconsin, Decem- 
ber 16, 1843, graduated in the literary department of the University 
of Mich., in June 1866, and attended the law school of said Univers- 
ity. He studied law in the office of O. S. Head, Esq., an eminent law- 
yer at Kenosha, Wisconsin, and k now practicing law in his native 
city. He was District Attorney of Kenosha County, in the years 1868 
and 1869, and is now Superintendent of Public Instruction in the city of 
Kenosha. 

Mr. Quarles is a young lawyer of great promise, for one of his 
years, and from his attainments, agreeable manners, strict attention 



38 BIOGRAPHY 

to the interest of his cnents, and above all, from his strict integrity, 
he bids fair for a high place in his profession, when of more mature 
years. The biographer has written the last sentence, from a knowledge 
of Mr. Quarles character, acquired during a recent visit to Kenosha. 



RICHARD B. BATES. 

Richard B. Bates was born at West Troy, New York, August 1 7 
1843 ; received a common school education, finished at Fort Edward 
Institute, Washington Count}', New York; came to Wisconsin in the 
spring of 1856, and settled at Delavan. 

From 1857 to i86i,he lived at Darien, in the employ of Mr.N. W. 
Hoag ; in the fall of 1862, moved to Delavan, and was in the employ 
of Messrs. Bradley & Goff, till March, 1865, when he moved to Mil- 
waukee, and engaged with Messrs. Noonan & McNab, as book-keeper, 
where he remained till June, 1857, when he was obliged to return to 
Delavan to take charge of the lumber trade of his father, who died in 
Nov. 1S66, at Delavan. He, Mr. Bates, was associated with INIaj. 
Askellum in the lumber business until the Spring of 1857, when they 
sold the yard at Delavan, and started one at Racine, taking Mr. N. 
W. Hoag, of Racine, into the concern. 

In the fall of 1871, he was elected to represent the city of Racine 
in the legislative Assembly, having been opposed by Hon. I,. S. 
Blake, a respectable, wealthy, and popular republican. 



CHARLES FRANTZ 

Was born in Minden, Westphalia, Prussia, 1S40; educated at the 
same place. My father is still living at Minden and is professor in a 
literary institution. 

I came to this country in spring of 1855, and settled at Kenosha, 
Wis., was engaged in mercantile business at Kenosha and Chicago 
until the fall of 1861. I enlisted as a private in Company C, 9th 
Regiment Wis. Vol., on the 9th of September, 1861, to which Com- 
pany I recruited 48 men from Kenosha, Wis.; was elected 2d Lieut- 



B 1 G n A P II Y . S9 

enant of Company C, and ia the spring of 1S62 promoted ist Lieut- 
enant. After the battle at Prairie Grove, Ark., I was promoted to 
Captain and transferred to company G ; was with the regiment in 
every eng.igemcnt ; I lost my left arm in the battle at Jenkins' 
Ferry.- Ark., April 30th, 1864, was taken prisoner at the same time, 
and experienced the hardships of prison life in Tyler, Texas ; was ex- 
changed in Feb. 1S65 ; rejoined my regiment in March at little 
Reck, Ark.; received a furlough for two months. While home the 
war was about to close and all officers then on furlough were muster- 
ed out by special order from the War Department. 

After the war closed, I took part in the political field, was active 
in promoting the interests of the republican party ; was elected in 
the spring of 1866, City Treasurer of Kenosha, re-elected in 1867 and 
i86S;was elected Register of Deeds in the fall of 1868, andappoint- 
ed Post Master in the spring of 1869, which office I now hold. 



FRANK CHARNLEY. 

Frank Charnley, contractor and builder, was born in Manchester 
England, in the year 1S18, and emigrated to Milwaukee in 1842. 
Since his arrival in this city, he has been engaged in the building 
business. The first contract he took of any account was the build- 
ing of the old brick Methodist church in 1844, on the comer of 
Spring and West Water streets, which was burned some years ago. 
Since the erection of the church, he has built a large number of stores, 
dwellings and other buildings, among which is a stone front dwelling 
for D. Newhall, also a house for John Tockwood, Esq., one for 
Mr. Hibbard, Sentinel office block, Burchard's block, all the 
masonry on the three elevators, and one at Prairie du Chien, 
besides other buildings for various purposes, and is at present enga- 
ged in the erection of the Milwaukee county court house, built of 
Lake Superior brov/n sand stone, from Bass Island. The foregoing 
list of buildings shows the extensive practice, and estimate formed of 
Mr. Charnley's skill and fidelity as a contractor and builder, but what 
has especially crowned his success is the Court house now approach- 
ing completion, which bears lasting and visible testimony to his com 



40 B I G K A P II Y . 

petency to carry out, in full detail, the plans and specifications of a 
large public building. The court house is a credit to the state, and 
adds considerably to the beauty of the Queen city of the Lakes, but 
the color of the stone detracts very considerably from the appearance 
of this splendid edifice. 



JOHN McCABE. 
John McCabe was born at Maltown, county Cavan^ Ireland, in 
1823, educated there in the national schools, and followed the busi- 
ness of farming; came to the United States in 1842; enlisted in the 
late war in 1863; made up a company at Oshkosh, and promoted to 
the rank of ist Lieutenant, in the 5th regiment of Wisconsin volun- 
teers ; was afterwards promoted to the rank of captain, and fought 
under General Sheridan ifi the Shenandoah Valley ; moved in front 
of Petersburg, where he was engaged in several battles ; also fought 
in the battle at the surrender of General Lee; was member of several 
al town and county boards ; was chairman of the Town of Vinland, 
and conducted a farm for some time. Being deficient in education, he 
went to school at Albany after having arrived in the United States. 



HENRY TYRRELL. 

Henry Tyrrell was born in the town of Derby, state of Connecti- 
cut, on the 30th day of October, 181 5; was educated at an academy 
in his native town until the age of fourteen, when he left school and 
his home, to take care of himself. Making his way to the town of 
New ]\Iilford, about 42 miles from his home, he engaged with a man 
of the name of Blakney, to learn the tailor's trade. 

Mr. Blakney having an extensive library, to which the subject of 
this narrative had access, he, during the four years spent in learning 
his trade, took care to improve his spare time by taking advantage of 
so valuable a treasure as the books in the library contained. On 
leaving New Milford, he removed to the town of Winchester, Con- 
necticut, and engaged with Messrs. S. & L. Harbut, merchants of that 
place, working at his trade part of the time, and purchasing wool 
during the rest. Having remained vvith the Messrs. Harbut for 



BIOGRAPHY. 41 

about three years, spending his spare time in reading Blackstone's 
Commentaries and other works on commop law, he removed to his 
native town and having accumulated a few hundred dollars, and be-' 
ing 2 1 years of age, in March, 1836, he married Miss Jennett Wor- 
ster, daughter of Mr. Daniel Worbter, who was a resident of Racine 
county, Wisconsin, as early as 1S39, having removed from the town 
of Derby in that year. In 1S57, Mr. Tyrrell removed to Litchfield, 
Connecticut, where he engaged in business on his own account, sell- 
irig goods, and for a fev/ years was very successful ; but those were 
days of extensive credit, and it was his misfortune to lose a large 
amount due him by those who took the benefit of the national baiik- • 
rupt law. After settling and paying all his debts, he was left with 
about $160 in his hands. With this scanty sum, he started with his 
little family, consisting of his wife and two boys, the elder being then 
about three years old, and landed in Racine, on the i8th day of 
November, 1843, with only die sovereign, and three ten cent pieces 
in his pocket, and no furniture. Soon after his arrival in Racine, he 
got work at his former trade, by which he soon saved as much as en- 
abled him to build a house, and open up several farms. He was in 
the ^wholesale grocery business for several years in Racine, and mm- 
ufaftved pine lumber in the northern part of the state for some 
time. He is now engaged in the real estate and conveyancing busi-^ 
ness, which he has conducted for about eight years. In this connec- 
tion it may not be irrelevant to state, that his son Mr. Franklin 
Tyrrell, is proprietor of the Huggins House, at Racine, which is ad- 
mirably conducted.- The biographer having stopped at the Huggins 
House several times, has no hesitation in recommending it to all 
who seek comfort, convenience, and attention on reasonable terms. 



REV. WALTER S. ALEXANDER, 

Was born in Killingly, Windham county, Connecticut, August 
29th, 1S35. His father. Col. William Alexander, now living, at the 
advanced age of 85 years, has filled many positions of public 
trust, having honorably served the State as Senator and Representa- 
tive. 

2 



42 BIOGRAPHY. 

Rev. Mr. Alexander was fitted for college at \\'orcester and Middle- 
borough, Mass., entered Yale College in the autumn of 1S54, and 
received his degree of M. A. with the class of 1S58. He entered 
Andover Theological Seminary in 1861, and i)ursued the full three 
year's course of theological study. 

He was licensed to preach the Gospel by the Woburn (Mass.) 
Association, in Jan., 1861, and in the autumn after his graduation 
liom the Seminary received urgent calls from the Congregational 
church in Sharon, Mass., and from the first Congregational church 
in Pomfret, Conn. The latter call he accepted, and was ordained 
and installed pastor Nov. 2 2d, 1861. Prof. Edwards A. Park, of 
Andover, preaching the sermon. He labored with great success in 
Pomfret over four years. During this lime there were published his 
sermons on the death of Dea. Job Williams, I>ieut. Edwin R. Keyes, 
Rev. Daniel Hunt, President Lincoln, and a sermon, commemora- 
tive of the 150th anniversary of the organization of the church. In 
the autumn of 1865 he accepted a second and more urgent call to 
the pastorate of the first Presbyterian church of Racine. 

He began labor Feb. ist, 1866, and was installed in June follow- 
ing Prof F. VV. Fisk, D. D. preaching the sermon. 

The church has grown rapidly under Mr. Alexander's ministry, 
180 additions having been made since the beginning of his pastorate. 
His church now numbers more than 375 members, and exerts a wide 
influence in the State. Mr. Alexander is a corresponding member 
of the historical societies of Wisconsin and Minnesota. He has a 
large and valuable Geological Cabinet, and perhaps the most exten- 
sive and interesting autograph collection in the West. 



G. TIMME. 



The subject of this sketch was born at Verde n, in the kingdom of 
Prussia, in 1843 ; emigrated to America, with his parents in 1846, 
and arriving at Kenosha county, on the 27 th of August, the same 
year, where he lived with his parents in the town of Wheatland, till 
August, 17, 1861, when he enlisted as a private in company C, of the 



BIOGRAPHY. 4^ 

ist Wis., Volunteer Infantry. He was engaged in the following 
battles, viz., the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862, 
the battle of Stone River, Tennessee, Dec. 31, Jan. 2, 3, 4 
and 5, 1862-63; the battle of Jefferson, 28 and 29, Dec, 
1862; the battle of Kenesavv Mountain, or Pigeon Ridge, Gd., 
Sept., i2th and 13th, 1863; the battle of Chicamauga, Ca., 
Sept., 19th and 20th, 1863, at which battle (20th) he lost his left arm, 
while assisting to rei:)ulse an attack of the enemy; and finally was re- 
moved to the Harvey Hospital, at Madison, Wisconsin. He was 
then promoted to the rank of Captain, for his distinguished gallantry 
displayed in the battle of Chicamauga; he left the service in May 6, 
1864. His education having been neglected in his younger days, 
he entered the commercial college at Cleveland, Ohio, where he 
graduated. In 1865 the gallant captain returned to his old town 
where he was elected town clerk in the spring of 1865 ; assessor, 
and justice of the peace for two terms. In 1866, he was elected to 
the office of clerk of county board of supervisors, of Kenosha 
county, which he still occupies. The captain has been several 
times chosen delegate to county and state conventions by the repub- 
lican party. 



HON. WILLIAM C. ALLEN 

Was born on the 2d day of February, 1814, in the town of 
Hosick, in the county of Rensselaer, in the state of New York. 
Worked on his father's farm until he was si.xteen years of age; he 
then left home to get an education, with a determination to study 
the law as a profession. He had no resources except his health, in- 
dustry and wi-ll to work his way up in life the best he could. After 
taking an academical course for four years, he entered the law 
office of C. H. Putnam, Esq., in the county of Montgomer)-, where 
be remained as a student for four years. Was admitted to the bar 
in the state of New York, in 1S41. In October following, moved 
to Wisconsin, settled in Delavan, Walworth county, and there fir^t 
entered upon the practice of his profession. Was elected county 



44 BIOGRAPHY. 

judge in the year 1842, and continued to hold the office for twelve 
years ; was one of the originators of the institution for the "education 
of the deaf and dumb. Was appointed a trustee in the first by gov- 
ernor Farwell, in 1852, and continued as such trustee until 187 1, a 
period of nineteen years. Was one of the committee who compiled 
the statutes of 1849; organized the Walworth County Bank, and 
served as its president for ten years. Was among the first origina- 
tors of the W^estern Union Railroad ; served as director for six 
years and since president of the company four years. Took an ac- 
tive part in building a plank road from Racine to Delavan. Served 
two consecutive terms in the legislature, in the years of 1866 and 
1867. Moved to the city of Racine in the spring of 1870, opened 
a law office and commenced the practice of law in the city. Ob- 
tained the charter for the Manufacturer's National Bank of Racine, 
and on its organization became one of its stockholders, was elected 
one of the directors. Was chosen city attorney in the summer of 
1870, gave material assistance to the city in compromising and fund- 
ing the city debt into new 'bonds. Judge Allen is emphatically a 
public spirited man, and has rendered a ready and willing hand to 
aid in developing the material resources of the state, as well as ex- 
panding and enlarging the moral and intellectual condition of the 
people. Is one of the state board of charities, a strong temperance 
advocate, a teacher in the sabbath school, a member of the presby- 
terian church and an elder thereof. Judge Allen is one who believes, 
and acts upon the principle, that the path of the just is as a shin- 
ing light, growing brighter and brighter to the perfect day. He is 
kind and generous in all his social and business relations, and esteemed 
by all who have the pleasure of his acquaintance. 



EDWARD NICHOLAS HEATH. 

Edward Nicholas Heath received his preparatory education in 
some of the best schools in Dublin, Ireland, and had peculiar advan- 
tages to prepare himself for the profession he now practices in Madi- 
son, Wisconsin. His father was a distinguished surgeon, having the 
charge of various public institutions for many years in the county of 



BIOGRAPHY. 45 

Wicklow, Ireland. His brother, William Heath, was a man of extraor- 
dinar}^ capacity. There is erected to him a beautiful monument 
within the walls of the Episcopal parochial church of Baltinglass, as 
a lasting proof of his eminent abihties, by a surgeon and physician. 
The maternal grandfather of Dr. Heath was an eminent surgeon, 
and his maternal uncle was staff surgeon to the forces; and perform- 
ed the most difficult surgical operations known in his day, a fact 
which history testifies. Numerous testimonials in the doctor's posses- 
sion from men high in their profession in Dublin, show that he had 
peculiar facilities for acquiring a thorough knowledge of his profes- 
sion. The following is taken verbatim from the London Medical 
Directory, "'Heath, Edward Nicholas, Licentiate of Surgery, Licen- 
tiate of Midwifery, medical diploma, all from Royal College of Sur- 
geons in Ireland, surgeon to Hathetstown, and Rathville Dispensa- 
ries, assistant surgeon to the Baltinglass Infirmary, and also medical 
attendant to the Stratford Fever Hospital." 



JOHN H. NICHOLS. 

The gentleman at the head of this article was born in Malony, 
Franklin county, state of New York, on the 14th day of January, 
1808; received a common school education ; was employed as clerk 
with J. AValbridge, at Gaines, Orleans county, N. Y., for three years, 
at the end of which time, he became a partner in the estabHshment 
under the name of Nichols & Walbridge, selling merchandise, manu- 
facturing pot and pearl ashes, and purchasing lumber and grain. He 
continued in the company for about four years, when his partner re- 
tired, leaving him sole manager of the business, in which he continued 
till 1839, when he removed to Brockport, Monroe county. New York, 
where he opened a bank called the bank of Brockport, which he 
conducted as manager till 1S44. In 1842 he established a mercan- 
tila house at Southport, now Kenosha, combining produce, wheat, 
paying cash, a practice not before known. In 1847, he gave up 
business. During the above time he was engaged in the lumbering 
and forwarding trade largely, running at the same time branch 



46 BIOGRAPHY 

houses at Platteville, A^ienna, Waukegan, Solon Mills and McHenry, 
Illinois. His concern at Platteville, was burned out in 1844, and re- 
built again. While at Platteville, he purchased lead, brought it by- 
teams to Kenosha, and shipped to New York. In 1847, he retired 
from business ; went back ot the state of New York, and com- 
menced the construction of railroads and canals, among which was the 
enlargement of the Erie canal, from Buffalo to Black Rock, with the 
view to make it a ship canal ; was contractor of the Hudson River rail- 
road, on the extension of the Harlem and Albany railroad, built a 
portion of the Canandaigua and Jefferson railroad ; also a large por- 
tion of the Great Western railroad in Canada. Among the canal 
contracts, was a lock at Seneca Falls, in Cayuga county, New- 
York, also built an aqueduct at Oswego, N. Y. After all this her- 
culean labor, Mr. Nichols, became a farmer, in the town of Rich- 
mond, McHenry county, IlUnois, in 1855, where he carried on the 
making of cheese on a large scale. In 1S57 he closed up that busi- 
ness, and sold his farm. He has been in no business since, except 
in the real estate, at Chicago. He was married at Vernon, Oneida 
county, N. Y., in Januar)-, 1S35, to Caroline E. Hitchcock, daughter 
of Hon. Luke Hitchcock, by whom was born a son and daughter. 
The son, John M. Nichols, jr., was appointed I,ieutenant in the ist 
Regt. U. S. Cavalry; was killed June 12th, 1864, at Trevillian sta- 
tion, Va., while serving under Gen. Sheridan. 



HON. CADWALLADER C. WASHBURN. 

It is not within the range of possibility to do common justice to the 
subject of this sketch in as many pages as there are words in the 
outline furnished the biographer to enable him to discharge his duty 
in as ample a manner as the distinguished subject deserves, and the 
author would wish. The reader luust therefore draw largely on his 
imagination, to dress up the bare skeleton intended to be described. 
Cadwallader C. Washburn was born at Livermorc, in the state of 
Maine, April 22, 1818 ; received an academic education; studied 
and practiced law ; and was conmiissioned colonel of the second 



BIOGRAPHY. 47 

Wisconsin cavalry, October, loth 1861, in the Union Army, in the 
war for the suppression of the late rebellion. He was promoted 
Brigadier General, November, 19, 1862. General Washburn was 
a member of the thirty-fourth, thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, fortieth, and 
forty-first Congress, and elected Governor of the state of Wisconsin 
in 1871, receiving 78,301 votes, against 68,910 for Hon. James R. 
Doolittle. (Democrat.) • 



HON. DANIEL HALL. 

The city of Watertown, (including the Fifth and Sixth Wards 
thereof in Dodge county, and the town of Ixonia and Watertown,) 
is represented in the legislative assembly, by the gentleman at the 
head of this sketch, who is in politics a republican, and resides in 
the city of Watertown. He was born in Greenwich, Washington 
county, N. Y., Nov. 20, 18 19; graduated at Union College in 1845, 
is by profession a lawyer. He came to Wisconsin in 1851, and set- 
tled at Watertown ; was district attorney of Jefferson county, in 
1857 and 1858, and member of the assembly in 1870, and 1871; 
and re-elected to the assembly in 1872, running as an independent 
candidate, receiving 1,182 votes, against 516 for his opponent. On 
the organization of the assembly, was chosen speaker; was chairman of 
the judiciary committee of the Assembly, in ] 87 1. Much praise is due 
to speaker Hall for his able advocacy in the Watertown railroad case 
argued in the present session of the Legislature. Had not the per- 
sonal hability of property holders in that city been relieved from a 
large debt assumed by the corporation, the consequences would be 
ruinous to the future growth and prosperity of Watertown. 



COL. RICHARD DUNBAR. 

The gentleman at the head of this sketch deserves more than a 
brief notice, which the biographer would cheerfully give, were he not 
limited by the mtended plan of the work. The subject of the sketch 
was born in Mayo count}^, Ireland, May ist, 1821 ; emigrated to 



48 • BIOGRAPHY. 

America at an early age ; and was engaged in various enterprises of 
considerable magnitude. He had the honor of being the first who 
turned a railroad sod in the state of Minnesota, between St. l^aul 
and St. Anthony ; to him is also due the honor of bringing the first 
supply of Potomac water into the city of AVashington, which was an 
achievement calculated to transmit his name to posterity as a pub- 
lic benefactor. A man of the colonel's untiring spirit of enter- 
prise could not be bound to one limited spot. A mind like his 
thirsts for knowledge, and is incessantly extending the bounds of in- 
quiry; two facts fully illustrated by the colonel, who traveled exten- 
sively through the states, the Canadas, the West India Islands, and 
South America. 

Being a man of inquiring mind and clear observation, he allowed 
nothing to escape his notice that could be applied to any useful pur- 
pose. Accident, however, contributed more to his success, and 
brought about an event in the history of his life, better calculated to 
perpetuate his name and memory than all the preconcerted and pre- 
meditated acts of his life. This event could not be told in more ap- 
propriate terms than the following, copied from Col. Dunbars own 
account. "History of the providential discovery by the subscriber, 
who had been suffering for over two years with what appeared to be 
an incurable disease, known as saccharine diabetes." Having applied to 
the most eminent medical men in this country and in Europe, with- 
out any perceptible benefit or relief resulting from their treatment, 
he despaired of ever being cured. Being called to attend the funeral 
of a friend, his excessive thirst led him to]a spring near by, where 
tasting the water and finding it palatable he indulged freely in drink- 
ing several glasses, when to his surprise he found himself in a copious 
perspiration for the first time in over two years. Retiring at the 
usual hour that night, he slept undisturbed for the first time during 
his illness, having been invariably disturbed at intervals, eight or ten 
times during the night with a continuous thirst, and drinking freely. 
In addition to the foregoing benefit his constipation was relieved, 
whereby all medical preparations were dispensed with. These results 
being so marked and striking, led him at once to repeat the use of 
the water, and in a few days thereafter left for his home at Brooklyn, 



BIOGRAPHY. 49 

New York, believing liimself to be cured. This occurred in 1868. 
During Januarj^ following, he had a relapse of this distressing disease, 
which led him to consult his medical advisor, Professor Willard Par- 
ker, M. D. of New York city, who advised him to visit the spring in 
Wisconsin, from which he derived such benefit before, and note 
specially the result attendant on the use of the water, and report to 
him the result frequently, during his ^ay at the spring. On this, 
his second visit to the spring, he found his condition as follows: 

Specific gravity of urine marking 45 ° , densely saccharine dryness of 
the mouth, gums, tongue and lips, with insatiable thirst and constipa- 
tion of the bowels, with acute pains in the region of the kidneys and 
left hip, weakness of Umbs, languid feeling ; and uncontrollable dis- 
charge of urine, and general prostration and emaciation of the whole 
system. A few days use of the water resulted in producing a perfect- 
ly normal condition of the whole system, all traces of sugar removed, 
and specific gravity that marked 45 ° was reduced to 18 ° . This 
wonderful result induced him to give it extended publicity, being 
satisfied himself of its curative properties, and sustained in his opin- 
ion by eminent medical men. The author has read numerous pub- 
lished letters from medical men of high standing, residing in several 
parts of the states, all bearing the most flattering testimony to the 
extraordinary curative properties of the Bethesda spring water. 
Many of those medical gentlemen are known to the author, who haa 
no hesitation in stating that they are all gentlemen of acknowledged 
professional abilities, and altogether too respectable to lend them- 
selves to anything bordering upon quackery, or testifying to anything 
contrary to truth. As immediately connected with the subject of 
the present article, and with the natural and industrial resources of 
Wisconsin, it will not be considered out of place, or contrary to 
the intended plan of the author to give the anaysis of the Bethesda 
Mineral Water, by Professor Chandler, of Columbia College, New 
York, whose character is a sufficient guarantee for its accuracy. 
In one U. S.. or wine gallon, of 231 inches, there are: 

Chloride of Sodium, . _ _ _ 1,160 grains. 

Sulphate of Potassa, - - - - 0,454 

Sulphate of Sodium, - - - - 0,542 

3 



50 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Bicarbonate of Lime, 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, - 

Bicarbonate of Iron, 

Bicarbonate of Soda, 

Phosphate of Soda, 

AUimina, 

Silica, 

Organic Matter, - 



17,022 
12,388 

0,042 

1,256 

a trace. 

0,122 

0,741 

1,983 



Total, ------ 35,710 grains. 

So much has been written and said in praise of the Bethesda 
Spring Water, of Waukesha, a short description of that town and its 
surroundings, taken from the '"Waukesha Freeman," may" not prove 
uninteresting to the readers of this Avork. "These springs are situa- 
ted in the state of Wisconsin, within the corporate limits of the 
beautiful town of Waukesha, which contains about three thousand 
inhabitants. They are in direct communication with the great city 
of Milwaukee, distance eighteen miles, and the city of Madison, 
capital of the state, 50 niiles, and therefore are of easy access to all 
parts of the states. The climate is unusually salubrious, the natural 
beauty and picturesque scenery of the surrounding country is 
esi)ecially attractive, pleasant walks, roads, and excellent fishing 
abounds, the best medical advice can be procured." 



REV. CLEMENT F. LEFEVRE, D. D. 

The subject of this memoir is of English parentage, being born 
at Berkampstead, in the county of Hertfordshire, on the 12th of No- 
vember, 1797. His father was a clergyman cf the established 
church and a graduate of Pembroke College, Oxford. Having been 
presented to a living at Soutliampton, in the diocese of Winchester, 
he removed there when the writer of the ])resent sketch was an in- 
fant in arms, and he consequently associates with Hampshire, all the 
reminiscences of his earliest years. He received from his father, who 
took a select number of pupils, some of whom were prepared under 
his instructions for entering the universities of Oxford and Cam- 
bridge, a classical education. 



BIOGRAPHY. 51 

At the age of seventeen he entered the Royal Navy as Lieuten- 
ant of Royal Marines, and served in that capacity on board of a 
frigate on the Halifax station. He was never in any engagement 
during his service in the navy. Being placed on the peace establish- 
ment in 1815. he spent most of his time till the Autumn of 18 17, in 
France, to acquire a better knowledge of the language of that country 
with which he had been familiar from an early age. In September 
of the last named year, he left England with other half-pay officers, to 
join Bolivar, in the war for Spanish Independence, in the South Ameri- 
can colonies. The vessel in which he had embarked put in at a port 
in Venezuela, where General Axismendez, had the command, and 
his advice was, that the vessel should proceed to the Port of Spain, 
in the island of Trinidad, where passage could be obtained up the 
Uronoco, to join the army under General Bolivar. This was accord- 
ingly accomplished On the arrival of the vessel, the yellow fever 
was raging in the island, and scarcely a family from the north escaped 
without losing some member. Among the newly arrived it was 
especially fatal, and a number of the passengers were its victims. 
The writer was attacked by the disease but fortunately it was in the 
mountain district whither he had rambled in company with another 
officer. To this cause he attributes his escape as there was no in- 
stance of recovery among those who had fallen sick in Port of Spain. 
The consequent effects of the disease was so debiUtating that he 
never, after his recovery, felt equal to any bodily exertion, though he 
remained over a year on the island. He became at length aware 
that the only remedy Tor a vigorous state of health could be found 
in more northern latitudes. He therefore concluded to embark for 
the United States, but finding no opportunity from Trinidad he pro- 
ceeded to Martinique, where there was commercial intercourse be- 
tween that island and Baltimore. On the passage to Martinque the 
schooner in which he had enibarked discharged some of her freight, 
and took in other at the islands of St. Vincent and St. Lucia, giving 
him an opportunity of spending some days ashore Arriving at St. 
Pierre, Martinique, there was a detention of several days before an 
opportunity presented itself for embarking for Baltimore, and he 
availed himself of this delay in visiting Port Royal. At length a 



52 BIOGRAPHY. 

schooner left for that port with the subject of this sketch and two other 
passengers, and arrived after a passage of five weeks. The northern 
breezes had the desired sanitary influence, and strength and health took 
the place of debility and sickness. After remaining in Baltimore for sev- 
eral weeks, he proceeded to New York. Thrown on his own resources 
for a living he engaged as an assistant teacher in the academy of 
Rev. Dr. Clowes, at Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y. Occupying 
this position for two years he felt a desire to study in view of taking 
orders in the Episcopal church. At the time of making this decis- 
ion some friends from England arrived in N. Y., on their way to 
Canada, and recommeded that he should make that province the 
theatre of his labors He consulted with the Rt. Rev. Dr. Hobart, 
Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, who expressed the satis- 
faction it would have given him to have added his name to the list of 
candidates for orders in his own diocese, but as he would be of equal 
service to the cause in the Province, and as the situation would be 
permanent, and his salary paid by the government he thought it 
would be to his advantage to avail himself of the patronage of the 
established church. After passing ' a course of theological studies 
under the chaplain of the Bishop of Quebec, circumstances render- 
ed it expedient that he should return to England, and taking the 
necessary testimonials with him he received ordination at the hands 
of the Bishop of London, at his private chapel at the i^alace of Ful- 
ham, the 23d of December, 182 1. Being adopted by the "Society 
for the Propogation of the Gospel in foreign parts," he returned to 
Canada, and was placed at the disposal of the Bishop of Quebec, 
who appointed him to the church at Sherbrooke, in the province of 
Quebec. Having married the sister of Dr. Clowes, on his arrival in 
New York, he proceeded to Sherbrooke, assumed the pastorate and 
sustained that position for eight years. 

In the latter days of his ministry he entertained doubts of the 
doctrine of the absolute eternity of punishment, which appeared to 
him inconsistent with the attributes both of the justice and mercy of 
God, whose chastisement the scriptures present as parental and re- 
medial. Another difficulty presented itself in the doctrine of the 
Trinity He found no authority in scripture, and certainly no evi- 



BIOGRAPHY. 53 

dence in reason, for the article of the church which asserts that God 
consists of three persons, equally, separately and identically God in 
all his perfect attributes and yet only one God. Whatever rank 
Christ the Son of God, and the Jloly Ghost might entertain in the 
divine nature, he believed it must be subordinate to the Supremacy 
ot the one God. With this conviction he made known his views to 
Dr. Stewart, his Bishop, and finding in the interviews which took 
place between them no sufficient reason in his mind for retracting his 
opinions, he withdrew from the ministry of the Episcopal church. He 
only in conclusion desires here to state that he received the most 
charitable consideration from the Bishop, what the church esteemed 
heresy, and who in his confirmation visits to his former parishioners at 
Sherbrooke, .expressed much regret at the necessary separation. 

At the close of the year 1829 he left Canada with his family and 
v^ent to New York, and in that year received the fellowship of the uni- 
versalist denomination. In the sequel he was pastor of the society 
in Troy, N. Y., for four years, six in the city of New York, and four 
in the city of Pludson, N. Y. 

From the last named place he emigrated to the west. He was 
influenced to this movement from the flattenng descriptions he re- 
ceived of the country, from families who had settled there, many of 
them formerly members of his church in Sherbrooke. On the i8th 
day of May, 1844, he landed in xMilwaukee, Avhere he was invited 
to take charge of a society just formed and whose pastor he was for 
six consecutive years. Family affairs in England making it desirable 
for him to return to his native land he resigned his pastorship. 
Having purchased land in the town of Lake, now in the eighth ward 
of the city of Milwaukee, he built a house and made a permanent 
home for his family. He never resumed the jxistorial relationship, 
but confined his ministry to occasional services in vacant places, 
and as a correspondent to the denominational papers. In the course 
of his life it has been his privilege to visit the principal cities in 
Europe, St. Petersburg and Moscow in the north, the intermediate 
large cities as far south as Naples, besides traveling through Pales- 
tine, up the Nile and among the isles of Greece. If his life has not 
been an eventful one, it has been at least varied by travel. He 



51 



BIOGRAPHY 



hopes to pass in repose his remaining years at Hazehvood, the resi- 
dence of his family, till he takes his place in the "Forest Cemetery," 
where are two very dear to him, an aged wife, and a son in his 
mature manhood, who have preceded him. 

The subject of this sketch is brother to Sir George LeFevre, who 
received the order of Knighthood, from Queen Victoria, of England, 
on his return to England from Russia, where he resided for many 
years, as physician to the British Embassy, at the court of St. Peters- 
burg. The Doctor's father was, for thirty years, connected in his 
official capacity, with the chaplaincy of the British Embassy in Paris, 
where he died, and his remains are deposited in the cemetery of 
Montmartre. 

The Rev. Doctor Ee Fevre is a gentleman of acknowledged abili- 
ties, as a preacher. The writer has not had the pleasure of hearing 
him preach, but report speaks highly of his eloquence, literary re- 
search, close reasoning, and extensive and intimate knowledge of 
the scriptures. Having separated from the Protestant Episcoi)al 
church, he preached many controversial sermons, of which those of 
his persuasion speak very highly. As a companion, he is most 
aoreeable, and his social qualities such as maybe expected from one of 
his education, family connections, and intercourse with the world. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 
Hon, Timothy O. Howe, Hon. Matt. H. Carpenter. 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 

Alexander Mitchell, ist District. 
Jeremiah W. Hazelton, 2d District. 
J. Allen, 3d District. 
Charles A. Eldredge, 4th District. 
Philetus, Sawyer, 5th District. 
Jeremiah M. Rusk, 6th District. 



STATE SENATORS. 55 

STATE SENATE FOR 1872. 



Bacon Orin, miller and woolen manufacturer, Monticello, Green. 

Belcjen, Philo. farmer, Rochester, Racine. 

Blair, William, machinist, Waukesha, Waukesha. 

Brown, Orlando, farmer, Modena, Buffalo. 

Cameron, Angus, lawyer, I^a Crosse, La Crosse. 

Clark, Saterlee, lawyer, Horicon, Dodge. 

Colladay, William M. farmer, Stoughton, Dane. 

Davis, Romanzo E. farmer, Middleton, Dane. 

Eaton, Henry L. farmer. Lone Rock, Richland. 

Flint, Waldo S. farmer and nurseryman, Princeton, Green Lake. 

Foster, James H. general business and farmer, Koro, Winnebago. 

Griswold, WiUiam M. "senator," Columbus, Columbia. 

Hiner, William H. iron manufacturer. Fond du Lac, Fond du Lac. 

HoUoway, John C. farmer, Lancaster, Grant. 

Huebschmann, Francis, physician, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 

Irish, Joseph K. clergyman, New Richmond, St. Croix. 

Jones, John H. lawyer, Sheboygan, Sheboygan. 

Kreiss, George, manufacturer, Appleton, Outagamie. 

Lindsley, Miron P. lawyer, Green Bay, Brown. 

Little, Francis, farmer, Mineral Point, Iowa. 

Magoon, Henry S. lawyer, Darlington, La Fayette. 

Miner, Eliphalet S. merchant and lumberman, Necedah, Juneau. 

Mitchell, John L. farmer, Milwaukee, j\Iilwaukee. 

Morgan, Lyman, manufacturer, Ozaukee. Ozaukee. 

Nelson, William, newspaper publisher, Viroqua, Vernon. 

Pratt, Samuel, farmer. Spring Prairie, Walworth. 

Quimby, John B. lawyer, Sauk City, Sauk. 

Reed, Myron, lawyer, Waupaca, Waupaca. 

Schmidt, Carl H. editor and printer, Manitowoc, Manitowoc, 

Thorp, Joseph G. merchant and lumberman, Eau Claire Eau Claire. 

Wagner, Joseph, farmer, Calvary, Fond du Lac. 

Williams, Charles G. Janesville, Rock. 

Woodman, William W. farmer, Jcjhnson's Creek. Jefterson. 



66 ASSEMBLYMEN. 

ASSEMBLY FOR 1872. 

Hall, Daniel, Speaker, lawyer, Watertown, Jefterson. 

Abert, George, real estate dealer and contractor, Milwaukee, Mil- 

Avaukee. 
Adams, Benjamin F. farmer. Door Creek, Dane. 
Adams, Jolin, merchant, Black Earth, Dane. 
Adams, Michael, farmer, Danville, Dodge. 
Allen, Gideon W. lawyer, Sturgeon Bay, Door. 
Atwater, Allen H. farmer, Oak Grove, Dodge. 
Ayres, D. Cooper, physician, Fort Howard, Brown. 
Bailey, Elias P. farmer, Menomonee, Dunn. 
Bainbridge, Thomas, general business, Benton, La Fayette. 
Baldwin, Phineas, farmer, Oregon, Dane. 
Barron, Henry D. lawyer, St. Croix Falls, Polk. 
Bates, Richard B. lumber dealer, Racine, Racine. 
Becker, Mortiz N. produce dealer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 
Beckwith, Nelson F. lumber dealer, Omro, Winnebago. 
Black, John, wholesale liquor dealer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 
Bohan, John R. editor and publisher, Ozaukee, Ozaukee. 
Brace, Henry C. farmer. Fall River, Columbia. 
Brock way, Eustace L. lumberman, Black River Falls, Jackson. 
Brown, Charles, farmer, Brookfield Center, "Waukesha. 
Burdick, Zebulon P. farmer, Janesville, Rock. 
Bushnell, Allen R. lawyer, Lancaster, Grant. 
Cabanis, George E. carpenter. Big Patch, Grant. 
Gary, John W. lawyer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 
Caswell, Lucien B. lawyer. Fort Atkinson, Jefterson. 
Caswell, Oliver A, farmer, Mt. Sterling, Crawford. 
Chase, Henry A. Physician and surgeon, Viroqua, Vernon. 
Cheever, Dustin G. farmer, Clinton, Rock. 
Colman, Elihu, lawyer. Fond du Lac, Fond du Lac. 
Comstock, Noah D. farmer, Arcadia, Trempealeau. 
Corning, William W. merchant, Portage City, Columbia, 
Cory, Jerome B. physician, Patch Grove, Grant. 
Cowie, George, farmer, Glencoe, Buffalo. 
Dimond, Neil, farmer, Midland, Marquette. 



ASSEMBLYMEN. 57 

Dixon, William, farmer and dairyman. Lone Rock, Richland. 

Fellenz, John, carpenter and builder, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 

Felt, Eugene K. farmer, Beloit, Rock. 

Ferriii, Samuel A. physician and surgeon, Montfort, Grant. 

Fowler Henry, farmer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 

Graham, Alexander, lawyer, Janesville, Rock. 

Grimmer, Thomas D. lumberman, Oshkosh, Winnebago. 

Gorman, Michael, farmer, Northport, Waupaca. 

Gurnee, John D. lawyer, Madison, Dane. 

Hixon, Gideon C. lumberman, La Crosse, La Cros3e. 

Hobart, Adin P. merchant, Oak Creek, Milwaukee. 

Horn, Frederick W. lawyer, Cedarburg, Ozaukee. 

Hoskins, William L. merchant, Lake Mills, Jefferson. 

Hubbell, Richard W. lawyer, Oconto, Oconto. 

Jenkins, John J. lawyer, Chippewa Falls, Chippewa. 

Lamoreux, Oliver H. farmer, Plover, Portage. 

Lamoreux, Silas W. lawyer, Mayville, Dodge. 

Larkin, Charles H. farmer and real estate dealer, Milwaukee, Mil- 
waukee. 
Lee, Daniel, mason and builder, De Pere, Brown. 
Lewis, Calvin E. woolen mauufacturer, Beaver Dam, Dodge. 
Low, Jacob, farmer, Lowville, Columbia. 
Maxon, Densmore W. farmer, Cedar Creek, Washington. 
May, Reuben, farmer, Springville, Vernon. 
McNamara, Martin, farmer, Maple Grove, Manitowoc. 
Moore, William V. farmer, Burlington, Racine. 
Neeves, George A. merchant and lumber manufacturer, Grand 

Rapids, Wood. 
Nichols, Archibald, farmer, Markesan, Green Lake. 
Nichols, Henry F. C. lumberman, New Lisbon, Juneau. 
O'Rourke, Patrick H. lawyer, Cascade, Sheboygan. 
Patten, Azel W. flour and lumber manufacturer, Neenah, Winnebago. 
Pengra, Marshal H. farmer, Juda, Green. 
Perry, William W. farmer, Prairie du Sac, Sauk, 
Peterson, Casper H. M. farmer, New Holstein, Calumet. 
Phillips, Bradley, merchant, Eau Claire, Eau Claire. , 

4 



5g ASSEMBLYMEN. 

Powell, Oliver S. farmer, River Falls, Pierce. 

Putnam, George W. jr., farmer and nurseryman. Ash Ridge, Rich- 
kind. 
Rankin, Joseph, lumberman, Manitowoc, Manitowoc. 
Reuther, Peter, carpenter, Hika, Manitowoc. 
Richards, John F. physician, Tomah, Monioe. 
Ringle, Bartholomew, land agent, Wausau, Marathon. 
Robinson, Frederick, druggist and farmer, Kenosha, Kenosha. 
Rowe, William E. farmer and miller. Arena, Iowa. 
Rudd, Eli O. lumberman, Rudd's Mills, Monroe. 
Sackett, Hobart S. farmer, Berlin, Green Lake. 
Schott, George, farmer and dealer in machinery, Rubicon, Dodge. 
Sharp, Elijah M. merchant, Delavan, Walworth. 
Shaw, Major, farmer, Hmgham, Sheboygan. 
Smith, Archibald D. farmer, Lind, Waupaca. 
Smith, Winfield, lawyer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 
Solon, John, farmer, Richwood, Jefferson. 
Spooner, John C. lawyer, Hudson, St. Croix. 
Stafford, Amos W. farmer, Geneva, Walworth. 
Stone, Eliphalet S. farmer and sailor, Summit, Waukesha. 

Strachan, John, cattle and farm machinery dealer. Mineral Point, 
Iowa. 

Swain, George G. farmer, Kilbourn City, Cokmibia. 

Wallber, Emil, lawyer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 

Wallihan, Orlando F. carriage maker, Footville, Rock. 

Walters, Aaron, farmer, Foster, Fond du Lac 

Weeden, George W. farmer, Sheboygan, Sheboygan. 

Weil, Baruch S. farmer and real estate dealer, Schleisingerville, 
Washington. 

White, Samuel A. not engaged, Whitewater, Walworth. 

Winkler, Frederick C lawyer, Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 

Woelz, Christian, merchant, Green Bay, Brown. 

Wood, Alson, miller, Waukau, Winnebago. 

Wroe, William H. H. merchant, Medina, Outagamie. 

Yorty, Andrew J. lumberman and hardware dealer, Brandon, Fond du 
Lac 



CITY AND COUNTY OFFICERS. 59 

CITY GOVERNMENT OF MILWAUKEE 187 1. 
Mayor, Harrison Ludington; Comptroller, Jeremiah Quin; Deputy, 
Max. Gerlach; Treasurer, Hans Boebel ; Deputy, George Kaupir; 
Attorney, E. G. Ryan; Clerk, Edward iVIahoney; Deputy, Alex, Bol- 
ton ; City Surveyor, Nic. Engel; Tax Coni'.i"iis5io:ier, Jeremiah 
Quin; Judge of Municipal Court, James A. Mallory; Clerk of 
Municipal Court, Charles Holzhauer ; Deputy, Charles Casper ; 
Sealer of Weights and Measures, Benjamin Church ; Superinten- 
dent of Schools, F. C. Lau. 

BOARD OF ALDERMEN. 

ist ward, Christian Ernst ; 2d ward, John Schroeder ; 3d ward 
Thomas McCarty ; 4th ward, S. E. Sherman; 5th ward, J. J. Hager- 
man ; 6th ward, Gustav Brunst ; 7th ward, Nelson Van Kirk ; 8th 
ward, Adam Ernst ; 9th ward, Henry Steinman. 

BOARD OF COUNCILORS. 

1st ward, Isaac Van Schaick, Henry Smith, Jr. ; 2d ward, Pius 
Dreher, Henry Miller ; 3d ward, Michael Deiany, Timothy O'Brien ; 
4th ward, A. W. Phelps, H. H. West, 5th ward, Joseph Deuster, 
Samuel Kuenzli ; 6th ward, Fred. Gottschalk, C. Grau ; 7th ward, 
D. G. Rogers, O. J. Hale ; 8th ward, J. A. Hinsey, J. W. Dunlop ; 
9th ward, John Kilb, John Jobse. 

Chief of Police, William Beck ; Lieutenants William Kendrick, 
Thomas Shaughnessy. 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
Chief, Henry Lippert ; Assistant, Henry Middleton. 



COUNTY ORGANIZATION. 

Judge of Circuit Court, 1). W. Small; Clerk of the Circuit Couit, 
James Hickcox ; Judge of County Court, A. C. May; Clerk of the 



j50 CHURCHES.- 

County Court, James Hickcox ; County Treasurer, Wm. Kennedy ; 
Register of Deeds, F. C. Best ; Attorney, C K. Martin ; Sheriff, W. 
G. Parsons ; Physicians, Juhus Kasten, J. M. Allen, Meinrad Risch, 
F. R. Day ; Superintendent of the Poor, Byron Abert ; Assistant, 
P. Kelly ; County Surveyor, G. K. Gregory; Coroner, C. Osthel- 
der; Inspector of the House of Correction, D. Kennedy, Deputy, 
Henry Orff ; Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, John Saar, Deputy, 
F. W Cutler ; Crier, John Mitchell. 



UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 

United States Circuit Court, Eastern District, Judge, Hon. Thos. 
Drumniond; District Judge, Hon. Andrew Miller, District Attorney, 
Devi Hubbell ; Clerk, Edward Kurtz ; Marshal, Charles S. Hamil- 
ton ; Commissioners, Frances Bloodgood, John M. Miller, Edward 
Kurtz ; Postmaster, S. C. West. 



CHURCHES IN MILWAUKEE. " 

Union Baptist, Rev. George M. Stone, Pastor; German Baptist ; 
Sycamore Baptist, Rev. J. T. Sunderland, Pastor. 

Brethren, 387 Milwaukee Street. 

Cathohc. — Rev. John Martin Henni, Bishop of the Diocese of Mil- 
waukee ; St. John,s Cathedral, Very Rev. M. Kundig, Pvev. P. Dona- 
hue Rev. J. Buckly, pastors ; St. Mary's Church, Rev. L. Batz, 
pastor ; St. Gall's Church, Rev. S. P. Lalumiere, Rev. Benedict 
Massehs, S. J., pastors ; Holy Trinity Church, Rev. L. Conrad, 
pastor ; St. John's de Nepomuck, Rev. John M. Gaertner, rector 
and Sclavonian Missionary, Rev. Aloysius Heller, pastor; St. Peter's 
Church, Rev. Martin V. Kundig, rector; St. Stanislaus, (Polish); 
Chapel of St. Mary's Convent, Rev. Francis X. Krautbauer, chap- 
lain ; St. Joseph's Church, Rev. Joseph Holzhaucr, pastor. 

Christadelpians, (Brethren in Christ,) 466 Milwaukee Street. 

Congregational. — Hanover street church. Rev. Wilder Smith, 
pastor ; Olivet church, Rev. John Allison, pastor; Plymouth church, 



CHURCHES. 61 

Rev. J. L. Dudley, pastor; Spring street church, Tabernacle church, 
(Welsh) Rev. J. Cadwalader, pastor ; German congregational church, 
Rev. Louis Von Rague, pastor. 

Dutch Reformed church, Adrain Zwieraer, pastor. 
Episcopal. — Right Rev. WiUiam E. Armitage, D. D., Bishop of 
Wisconsin. Christ church. Rev. H. B. Burgess, D. D., rector ; St. 
John's church. Rev. David Keene, D. D., rector ; St. James' church, 
Rev. Nathan H. Chamberlain, rector ; St. Paul's church, Rev. Wil- 
liam B. Ashley, D. D., rector; All Saints church, Rev. W. N. Beers, 
rector. 

Evangelical Association. — Evangehcal Trinity church, William 
Geyer, pastor; Salem church, F. J. Schirmayer, pastor; Zion's church, 
August Huelster, pastor. 
German Reformed church. 

Hebrew. — Bne Jeshurun, Temple of the Congregation, Rev. 
Ehas Eppstein rabbi. Reform Congregational Emanuel. 

Lutheran. — Emanuel church. Rev. George Reinsch, pastor ; 
Grace church, Theodore Jaekel, pastor ; St. John's church, Rev. 
John Bading, pastor ; St. Mathew's church. Rev. Adolph H^eneck, 
pastor ; St. Peter's church, Rev. William Damman, pastor; St, Paul's 
church, John A. Grabau, pastor; Trinity church, Rev. F. Lochner, 
pastor ; Evangelical Lutheran (Norwegian,) Scott ; Norwegian Luth- 
eran, Rev. O. J. Hatlestad, pastor. 

Methodist Episcopal. — Rev. C. D. Pillsbury, presiding elder. 
Summerfield church, Wm. P. Stowe, pastor; Asbury church, W. W. 
Case, pastor ; Spring Street church, W. G. Miller, pastor ; Bay View 
church, John Hill, pastor; German church. Rev. JohnSchnell, pastor; 
German church, Rev. Jacob Bletsch, pastor ; Scandinavian church, 
African church, Rev. M. Patterson, pastor. 

Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, Rev. H. P. Hovvels, pastor. 
Presbyterian. — Lnmanuel church; Second Holland church. Rev. 
B. Van Der Las, pastor ; First Holland church. Rev. Jacob Post, 
pastor ; Calvary church, Rev. Edwin Graham, pastor. 
Swedenborgian. — Church of the New Jerusalem. 
Unitarian. — Church of the Redeemer. 
Universalis t. — First UniversaHst church. 



62 COUNTY OFFICERS. 

Monasteries. — St. Francis (Capuchin,) Ivo Prass, superior. 
Convents. — Convent de Notre Dame. 



COUNTY OFFICERS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 

COUNTY JUDGES. 

A. S. Spencer, Friendship, Adams county; John W. Bell, La 
Pointe, Ashland county; Francis Finley, Barron, Barron county; 
John Banfill, Bayfield, Bayfield county ; David Agry, Green Bay, 
Brown county ; Ferdinand Felter, Alma, Buffalo county ; Magnus 
Nelson, Grantsburg, Burnett county; Charles Greening, Chilton, 
Calumet county; William R. Hoyt, Chippewa Falls, Chippewa 
county ; Robert J. MacBride, Neillsville, Clark county ; Joshua J. 
Guppey, Portage, Columbia county ; Ira B. Brunson, Prairie du 
Chien, Crawford county; George E. Bryant, Madison, Dane county; 
A. Scott Sloan, Juneau, Dodge county; R. M. AVright, Sturgeon 
Bay, Door county ; Thomas Clark, Superior, Douglas county ; P. 
C. Holmes, Menomonee, Dunn county ; George C. Teall, Eau 
Claire, Eau Claire county ; Jay Mayham, Fond du Lac, Fond du 
Lac county ; William McGonigal, Lancaster, Grant county; Brooks 
Dunwiddie, Monroe, Green county ; Abram H. Myers, Dartford, 
Green Lake county ; Robert Wilson, Dodgeville, Iowa county ; P. 
A. Gatchell, Black River Falls, Jackson county; Ira W. Bird, Jeffer- 
son, Jefterson county; Charles H. Grote, Mauston, Juneau county; 
Isaac W. Webster, Kenosha, Kenosha county ; Charles Tisch, 
Kewaunee, Kewaunee county; Benj. F. Bryant, La Crosse, La 
Crosse county; P. A. Orton, jr., Darlington, La Fayette county; 
W. W. Waldo, Manitowoc, Manitowoc county ; Barth. Ringle, Wau- 
sau, Marathon ; S. R. Rood, Montello, Marquette county; Alpha 
C. May, Milwaukee, Milwaukee county; T. D. Steele, Sparta, 
Monroe county ; R. W. Hubbell, Oconto, Oconto county ; Samuel 
Ryan, jr., Appleton, Outagamie county ; A. Heidkamp, Port Wash- 
ington, Ozaukee county; S. L. Plummer, Durand, Pepin county; 
P. D. Pierce, Ellsworth, Pierce county; Robert Kent, Osceola, 
Polk county ; J. R. Kingsbury, Stevens Point, Portage county ; El- 
bert O. Hand, Racine, Racine county; H. W. Fries, Richland Cen- 



COUNTY OFFICERS 63 

ter, Richland county; A. P. Prichard, Janesville, Rock county; 
John S. Moffat, Hudson, St. Croix county ; C. C. Remington, Bara- 
boo, Sauk county ; H. Klostermann, Shawano, Shawano county; 
Edward Gihnan, Sheboygan, Sheboygan county ; Seth W. Button, 
Galesville, Trempeleau county ; Wni. S. Purdy, Viroqua, Vernon 
county; Peter Colder, Elkhorn, Walworth county; John Shelley, 
West Bend, Washington county ; P. H. Carney, Waukesha, Wau- 
kesha county ; C. S. Ogden, Waupaca, Waupaca county ; David 
L. Bunn, Wautoma, Waushara county ; George Gary, Oshkosh, 
Winnebago county ; J. D. Witter, Grand Rapids, Wood county. 

REGISTERS. 

C. A. Capron, Adams county; Jno. W. Bell, Ashland county; A- 
Merc, Barron county ; J. D. Cruttenden, Bayfield county ; G. W. 
Watson, Brown county ; N. Phillippi, Buffalo county ; W. H. Peck, 
Burnett county ; Arthur Connelly, Calumet county ; Fred. C. Dahl, 
Chippewa county; W. T. Hutchinson, Clark county; Thomas Yule, 
Columbia county ; Jas. M. Callaway, Crawford county ; John H. 
Clark, Dane county; Wm. CEstriech, Dodge county; Joseph Har- 
ris, jr.. Door county; D. G. Morrison, Douglas county; John Kelly, 
jr., Dunn county; S. C Putnam, Eau Claire county; J. L. D. 
Eycleshimer, Fond du Lac county ; James Woodhouse, Grant coun- 
ty ; Samuel Lewis, Green county ; H. D. Lowe, Green Lake coun- 
ty; Richard Dunstan, Iowa county; Frank H. Allen, Jackson 
county ; Henry Colonius, Jefferson county ; T. J. Hinton, Juneau 
county ; D. B. Benedict, Kenosha county ; Fred. Johannes, Kewau- 
nee county ; L. Wachenheimer, La Crosse county ; T. C. L. Mac- 
kay. La Fayette county; John Franz, Manitowoc county; John 
Patzer, Marathon county; John Barry, Marquette county; Fred. C. 
Best, Milwaukee county ; Josiah M. Tarr, Monroe county ; Huff 
Jones, Oconto county ; A. Brouillard, Outagamie county; Auo-ust 
Mayer, Ozaukee county; A. R. Humphrey, Pepin county; C. W. 
Brown, Pierce county : Ashael Kimball, Polk county ; Wm. H. 
Packard, Portage county; John Bowen, Racine county; J. D. Fun- 
stan, Richland county ; C. W. Stark, Rock county; Geo. R. Hughes, 
St. Croix county ; Mair Pointon, Sauk county ; F. W. Parmenter 
Shawano county ; Ernst Clarenbach, Sheboygan county ; Heniy L. 



6J: COUNTY OFFICERS. 

Bun n, Trempeleau county ; H, N. Preus, Vernon county ; Charles 
A. Noyes, Walworth county ; Francis A. N-oU. Washington county ; 
J ohn E. Sebold, Waukesha county; Ole R. Oleson, Waupaca, 
county; D. S. Williams, Waushara, county; Robert McCurdy, 
Winnebago county; L. Kromer, Wood county. 

SHERIFFS. 

David N. Bacon, Adams county ; John Morrison, Ashland county; 

Nelson Boutin, Bayfield county ; Geo. A. Langton, Brown county; 

H. P. Farrington, Bufialo county ; Perry D. Hickman, Burnett 

county ; Henry Siegrist, Calumet county ; Michael Hall, Chippewa 

county ; F. D. Lindsay, Clark county ; Phidelus Pool, Columbia 
county; H. H. Whaley, Crawford county ; Andrew Sexton* Dane 

county ; Aenry Bertram, Dodge county ; Peter J. Simon, Door 
county; Lars Leeroat, Douglas county; E. L. Doolittle, Dunn 
county ; D. C. Whipple, Eau Claire county ; Peter Rupp, Fond du 
Lac county; W^m. E. Sloat, Grant county ;, Alfred Wood, Green 
county ; ' F. W, Cooke, Green Lake county ; James Ryan, Iowa 
county ; Robert J. Balls, Jackson county; E. Schwellenback, Jefter 
son county ; G. R. Nichols, Juneau county , John Lucas, Kenosha 
county; John Wrabbitz; Kewaunee county; John S. Simonton, La 
Crosse county ; R. H. Williams, La Fayette county ; Albert Witten- 
burg, Manitowoc county ; AVm. Hamrick, Marathon county ; John 
Stimson, Marquette county ; Wm. G. Parsons, Milwaukee county ; 
L. Johnson, Monroe county ; P. W. Gerkie, Oconto county ; A. B. 
Everts, Outagamie county ; Peter Buchholtz, Ozaukee county ; S. 
P. Crosby, Pepin county ; E. Burnett, Pierce county ; Moses H. 
Peaslee, Polk county; A. R. Gray, Portage county; F. P. Lawrence, 
Racine county ; W. C. S. Barron, Richland county ; R. T. Pember, 
Rock county; C. C. McCabe, St. Croix county; Benj. G. Paddock, 
Sauk county ; John M. Robinson, Shawano county ; Wilber M. 
Root, Sheboygan county ; D. ^V. Wade, Trempealeau county ; 
Nathan Coe, Vernon county ; Charles G. Fay, Walworth county ; 
Geo. L. Arnet, Washington county ; John Graham, Waukesha 
county; John Gordinier, Waupaca county ; F. B. Coggswell, Wau- 
shara county; Josiah Woodworth, Winnebago county; H. H. 
Compton, Wood county. 



OF Wisconsin. 65 

DISTRICT ATTOKNEYS. 

S. W. Pierce, Adams county ; Van B. Bromley, Brown 
county ; Edward Lees, Buffalo county ; 0. M. Mathison, Bur- 
nett county ; J. E. McMullen, Calumet county ; A. K. Gregg, 
Chippewa county ; I. B. Pope, Clark county ; Emmons Tay- 
lor, Columbia county ; 0. B. Thomas, Crawford county ; J. 
C. McKinney, Dane county ; Charles Allen, Dodge county ; 
G. W. Allen, Door county ; Hiram Hayes, Douglas county ; 
Robert McAuley, Dunn county ; Texas Angel, Eau Claire 
county ; Geo. P. Knowles, Fond du Lac county ; Geo. Clem- 
entson, Grant county ; A. S. Douglass, Green county ; Thos. 
C. Ryan, Green Lake county ; J. M. Smith, Iowa county ; 
C. R. Johnson, Jackson county ; M. B. Williams, Jefferson 
county ; John Turner, Juneau county ; Myron A. Baker, Ke- 
nosha county ; J. R. McDonald, Kewaunee county ; G. M. 
"Woodward, La Crosse county ; Joseph H. Clary, La Fayette 
county; E. B. Treat, Manitowoc county ; M. H. Barnum, 
Marathon county ; W. H. Peters, Marquette county ; C. K. 
Martin, Milwaukee county ; J. M. Morrow, Monroe county ; 
John B. Fairchild, Oconto county ; H. Pierce, Outagamie coun- 
ty ; Harvey G. Turner, Ozaukee county ; H. E. Houghton, 
Pepin county ; Geo. C. Hough, Pierce county ; Samuel Thomp- 
son, Polk county ; 0. H. Lamorcux, Portage county ; J. T. 
Fish, Racine county ; 0. F. Black, Richland county ; Pliny 
Norcross, Rock county ; L- P. Wetherby, St. Croix county ; 
H. J. Huntington, Sauk county ; D. P. Andrews, Shawano 
county ; Conrad Krez, Sheboygan county ; J. E. Robinson, 
Trempeleau county ; C. M. Butt, Vernon county ; A. D. 
Thomas, Walworth county ; Geo. H. Kleffler, Washington 
county ; Alexander Cook, Waukesha county ; J. Wakefield, 
Waupaca county ; L. L. Soule, Waushara county ; A. A. Aus- 
tin, Winnebago county ; C. 0. Baker, Wood county. 

CLERKS OF CIRCUIT COURT. 

David Schofield, Adams county ; Joseph Reid, Ashland 
county ; P. W. Smith, Bayfield county ; J. B. A. Masse, Brown; 
F. Hohmann, Buffalo county ; C. Olson, Burnett county ; J. 



66 Industrial Resources. ' 

P. Hume. Calumet ; J. . Hall, Chippewa county ; E. H. Markey, 
Clark county ; S. M. Smith, Columbia county ; Jas. M. Camp- 
bell, Crawford county ; L. T>. Frost, Dane county ; JohnLowth, 
Dodge county ; Henry Harris, Door county ; James Bardon, 
Douglass county; John Kelley, Jr., Dunn county; Martin 
Daniels, Eau Claire county ; Morris McKenna, Fond du Lac 
county ; David Schreiner, Grant county ; Wm. W. Wright, 
Green county ; A. P. Cannan, Green Lake county ; C. Kess- 
ler, Iowa county ; W. S. Darrow, Jackson county ; P. N. 
Waterbury, Jefferson county ; C. W. Fosbinder, Juneau coun- 
ty ; L. B. Nichols, Kenosha county ; J. E. Darbeley, Kewau- 
nee county ; Chris. Koenig, La Crosse county ; W. H. Arm- 
strong, La Fayette county ; A. Pienning, Manitowoc county ; 
J. W. Chubbuck, Marathon county ; John Maxwell, Marquette 
county ; James Hickox, Milwaukee county ; Jacob Rood, Mon- 
roe county ; Joseph Hall, Oconto county ; Daniel Clune, Outa- 
gamie county ; Hugo Boclo, Ozaukee county ; Alex. G. Coffin, 
Pepin county ; C. W. Brown, Pierce county ; A. Kimball, Polk; 
Wm. H. Packard, Portage county ; Chas. S. Chipraan, Racine 
county ; James Lewis, Richland county ; A. W. Baldwin, 
Rock county ; S. 0. Simmbe, St Croix county ; Phillip Cheek, 
Jr., Sauk county ; August Koeppen, Shawano county ; Alex. 
Edwards, Sheboygan county ; C. E. Perkins, Trempealeau 
county; P. J. Layne, Vernon county; J. T. AVentworth, 
Walworth county ; Jas. Kenealey, Jr., Washington county ; 
Wm. R. Williams, Waukesha county ; Chas. Churchill, Wau- 
paca county; William Jeffers, Waushara county ; H. B. Har- 
shaw, Winnebago county ; F. W. Burt, Wood county. 

COUNTY CLERKS. 

A. C. Holm, Adams county, Joseph Reil, Ashland county ; 
Orville Bray ton, Barron county ; F. La Bonte, Bayfield coun- 
ty ; W. J. Meade, Brown county ; John W. De Groff, Buffalo 
county ; Andrew Ahlstrum, Burnett county ; Theo. Ker- 
sten, Calumet county ; Levi Martin, Chippewa 'county ; 
R. Dewhurst, Clark county ; 0. A. Southmayd, Columbia; 
Chas. Kahler, Crawford county ; H. Borchsenius Dane county ; 



County Officers. 67 

James Higgins, Dodge count j ; C. A. Masse, Door county ; 
Richard Relf, Douglass county ; Sam'l Black, Dunn county ; 
Martin Daniels, Eau Claire county ; W. H. F. Smith, Fond 
du Lac ; J. M. Altizer, Grant county ; J. J. Tschudy, Green 
county ; 0. F, Silver, Green Lake county ; Orville Strong, 
Iowa county ; W. S. Darrow, Jackson county ; Peter C. Kel- 
ly, Jefferson ; C. F. Cutler, Juneau county ; E. G. Timms, 
Kenosha county ; R. L. Wing, Kewaunee county ; P. S. Ehvell, 
La Crosse county ; Lars E. Johnson, La Fayette county ; H. S. 
Pierpont, Manitowoc county ; Jacob Paff, Marathon county ; 
C. H. Pierce ; Marquette county ; John Saar, Milwaukee 
county ; S. D. Hollister, Monroe county ; Robert Ellis, Oconto 
county ; W. H. Lamphear, Outagamie county ; Joseph Albrecht, 
Ozaukee county ; L. D. Baker, Pepin county ; H. B. War- 
ner, Pierce county ; William J. Vincent, Polk county ; J. B. 
Carpenter, Portage county ; E. F. Gottschald, Racine county ; 
W, H. Pier, Richland county ; E. L. Carpenter, Rock county ; 
Harvey S. Clapp, St. Croix county ; Anton Fischer, Sauk 
county ; Marion Wescott, Shawano county ; Carl Zillier, She- 
boygan county ; A. R. Wyman, Trempeleau county ; J. R. 
Casson, Vernon county ; M. E. Dewing, Walworth county ; G. 
Ott, Washington county ; John C. Schuett, Waukesha county ; 
William D. Carr, Waupaca county ; Geo. Sexton, Waushara 
county ; 0. F. Chase, Winnebago county ; L. P. Powers, 
Wood County ; 

COUNTY TKEASURERS. 

H. H. Phillips, Adams county ; Geo. A. Stahl, Ashland 
county ; M. W. Heller, Barron county ; Andrew Tate, Bay- 
field county ; F. Van Strallen, Brown county ; A. Rockwell, 
Buffalo county ; C. Anderson, Burnett c(>unty ; Matthias Hil- 
gers, Calumet county ; A, R. Barrows, Chippewa county ; S. 
C. Boardman, Clark county ; M. T. Alverson, Columbia coun- 
ty ; Aaron Denio,. Crawford county; Francis B. Ames, Dane 
county ; E. C. McFetridge, Dodge county ; Joseph Colignon, 
Door county ; Thompson Ritchie, Douglass county ; Carroll 
Lucas, Dunn county ; B. J. Churchill, Eau Claire county ; 
Edward Beeson, Fond du Lac county ; A. R. McCartney, 



•68 Industrial Resources 

Grant county ; F. R. Melvin, Green county ; C. A. Millard, 
Green Lake county ; Francis Vivian, Iowa county ; 0. 0'- 
Hearne, Jackson county ; W. A. Greene, Jefferson county ; 
N. Fisk, Juneau county ; Hugh McDermot, Kenosha county ; 
Joseph Kinpfer, Kewaunee county ; F. Fleischer, La Crosse 
county ; L. B. Waddington, La Fayette county ; Querin Ewen, 
Manitowoc county ; C. Hoetlinger, Marathon county ; Mark 
Derham, Marquette county ; Wm. Kenedy, Milwaukee county ; 
Eli Waste, Monroe county ; R. L. Hall, Oconto county ; N. 
Weiland, Outagamie county ; Wra. H. Landolt, Ozaukee coun- 
ty ; Thales Burke, Pepin county ; M. J. Paine, Pierce coun- 
ty ; William Amery, Polk county ; Wm. Alberti, Portage 
county ; L. D. Coombs, Racine county ; Wra. H. Joslin, Rich- 
land county ; B. F, Cary, Rock county ; Merton Herrick, St. 
Croix county ; R. M. Strong, Sauk county ; M. H. McCord, 
Shawano county ; Wm. Schwarz, Sheboygan county ; Doug- 
las Arnold, Trempeleau connty ; J. W.. Allen, Vernon county ; 
D. L. Fairchild, Walworth county ; Albert Semler, Washing- 
ton county ; E. Beaumont, Waukesha county ; C. M. Fenton, 
Waupaca county; J. B. Mitchell, Waushara county; R. D. 
Torrey, Winnebago county ; E. Dutruit, Wood county. 

CCfllONERS. 

A. J. Hill, Adams county; T. W. Hickok, Barron county; 
B. G. Armstrong, Hayfield county ; Dan. C. Brown, Brown 
county ; Bar'y McDonough, Buffalo county ; John Banville, 
Burnett county ; Wm. Mahoney, Calumet county ; E. F. Mar- 
tin, Chippewa county ; D. L. Safford, Clark county ; Z. J. D. 
Swift, Columbia county ; Horace Beach, Crawford county ; P. 
R. Tierney, Dane county ; Daniel Breyer, Dodge county ; 
Wm. Darling, Door county ; L. F. Wheelock, Douglass county ; 
J. P. Woods, Dunn county ; G. A. Buffington, Eau Claire; 
S. B. Taylor, Fond du Lac county ; Charles Dickey, Grant 
county ; John Hattery, Green county ; Clark S. Walker, Green 
Lake county ; Charles Hope, Iowa county ; John Bishop, Jack- 
son county ; A. Boyington, Jefferson county ; Joseph Hewitt, 
Juneau county ; A. B. Truesdell, Kenosha county ; J. Pater- 



County Officers. 69 

itzueg, Kewaunee county ; D. S. Eakins, La Crosse county ; 
John C. Rood, La Fayette county ; Francis Simon, Manitowoc 
county ; James Barnard, Marathon county ; Samuel Crockett, 
Marquette county ; Charles Osthelder, Milwaukee county ; Da- 
vid Bon, Monroe county ; Charles Bentz, Oconto county; G. 
H. Marston, Outagamie county ; Mathias Adam, Ozaukee coun- 
ty ; Erastus Reed, Pepin county ; Geo. W. Cairns, Pierce 
county, Samuel Emery, Polk coi^nty ; Geo. McMulkin, Portage 
county ; J. Loomis, Racine county ; H. Collins, Richland 
county ; John E. Young, Rock county ; H. M. Murdock, St. 
Croix county ; A. West, Sauk county ; August Conder, Sha- 
wano county ; James Berry, Sheboygan county ; C. C. Crane, 
Trempeleau County; H. D. Williams, Vernon county; A. 
G. Leland, Walworth county ; Chas. F. Haas, Washington 
county ; Leonard Martin, Waukesha county ; Norman Baker, 
Waupaca county ; Philip Miller, Waushara county ; C. R. 
Hamlin, Winnebago county ; D. W. Compton, Wood county. 

SURVEYORS. 

J. Williams, Adams county ; Orville Brayton, Barron coun- 
ty ; John V. Suydam, Brown county ; John Beusch, Buffalo 
county ; H. W. Sundler, Burnett county ; Herman Geyso, 
Calumet county ; D. W. Cambell, Chippewa county ; G. C. 
Harriman, Clark county ; F. A. Brown, Columbia county ; J. 
R. Hurlburt, Crawford county ; S. W. Graves, Dane county ; 
Judson Prentice, Dodge county ; J. C. Pinney, Door county ; 
Thos. Clark, Douglass county ; C. M. Bonnell, Dunn county ; 
H. C. Putnam, Eau ( laire county ; Jacob Haessley, Fond du 
Lac county ; Geo. McFall, Grant county; A. L. Cleveland, 
<?^reen county ; Riley G. Chase, Green Lake county ; Henry 
Maddin, Iowa county ; G. M. Adams, Jackson county ; K. P. 
Clark, Jefferson county ; J. H. Daniels, Juneau county ; Ja- 
son Lathrop, Kenosha county ; Henry Borgmann, Kewaunee 
county ; H. I. Bliss, La Crosse county ; H. H. Ensign, La 
Fayette county ; Fayette Armsby, Manitowoc county; D. L. 
Plummer, Marathon county ; Thos. McLaughlin, Marquette 
county ; Geo. K. Gregory, Milwaukee county ; G. Spurrier, 
Monroe county ; P. B. Wood, Oconto county ; M. N. Randall, * 



70 Industrial Resources 

Outagamie county ; La F'tte Towsley, Ozaukee county ; N. 
Blummer, Pepin county ; Z. Lamport, Pierce county ; Albert 
Essen, Polk county ; E. H. Vaughan, Portage county ; D. 
Montgomery, Racine county; D. liardenbergh, Richland coun- 
ty ; Edward Ruger, Rock county ; George Strong, St. Croix, 
county ; H. Muhlberg, Sauk county ; James Miller, Shawano 
county ; G. Marquardt, Siieboygau county ; A. P. Ford, 
Trempeleau county; B. S, Moore,' Vernon county; Warren 
Beckwith, Walworth county ; John Brosius, Washington coun- 
ty ; Wm. W^est, Waukesha county; D. D. Hewitt, Waupaca 
county ; Ira L. Parker, Waushara county ; C. Palmer, Winne- 
bago county ; IL W. Jackson, Wood county. 

COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. 

J. M. Higbee, Adams county ; John W. Bell, Ashland 
county ; A. B. Finley, Barron county ; Jno. McCoud, Bay- 
field county ; Martin Lynch, Brown county ; Lawrence Kes- 
singer, Buffalo county ; Matthew McMillen, Burnett county ; 
Wm. B. Minaghan, Calumet county ; John A. McDonald, 
Chippewa county; S. S. Smith, Clark county; L. J, Bur- 
lingame, Columbia county ; F. D. Mills, Crawford county ; 
W. H. Chandler, Dane county, 1st dist. ; 0. J. Taylor, Dane 
county, 2d dist. ; L. M. Benson, Dodge county, 1st dist. ; 
John A. Barney, Dodge county, 2d dist. ; Chris. Daniels, 
Djor county ; Irwin W. Gates, Douglass county; W. S. John- 
son, Dunn county ; A. Kidder, Eau Claire county: W. L. O'- 
Connor, Fond du Lac county, 1st dist. ; M. Moriarty, Fond 
du Lac county, 2d dist. ; Wm. II. Holford, Grant county ; 
D. H. Morgan, Green county ; A. A. Spencer, Green Lake 
county ; Thos. Patefield, Iowa county ; J. K. Hoffman, Jack- 
son county; S. A. Craig, Jefferson county; A. 0. Wright, 
Juneau county ; Thos. V. Maguire, Kenosha county ; John 
M. Read, Kewaunee county ; Geo. Paton, La Crosse county ; 
Geo. A. Marshall, La Fayette county ; Michael Kirwan, Mani- 
towoc county ; Thos. Greene, Marathon county ; S. D. Forbes, 
Marquette county ; James F. Devine, Milwaukee county 1st 
dist. ; James L. Foley, Milwaukee county, 2d dis. ; N. H. 
Holden, Monroe county; H. W. Gilkey, Oconto county; A. 



List of Officers, &c. — Assembly. 71 

H, Conkey, Outagamie county ; John T. Whitford, Ozaukee 
county ; D. F. Reid, Pepin county ; Eugene F, Case, Pierce 
county ; Charles E. Mears, Polk county ; W. R. Alban, Por- 
tage county ; George Skewes, Racine county ; Wm. J. Wag- 
goner, Richland county ; Fdson A. Burdick, Rock county, 1st 
dist. ; C. M. Treat, Rock county, 2d dist. ; J. R. Hinckley, 
St. Croix county ; Moses Young, Sauk county ; Chas Klebe- 
sadel, Shawano county ; Emmet A. Little, Sheboygan county ; 
Amos Whiting, Trempeleau county ; HartAvell Allen, Vernon 
county ; M. Montague, Walworth county ; Fred. Regenfuss, 
Washington county ; Alexander F. North, Waukesha county ; 
W. B. Mumbrue, Waupaca county ; Theo. S. Chipman, Wau- 
shara county ; H. A. Hobart, Winnebago county ; J. Q. Em- 
ery, Wood county. 

LIST OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE 
ASSEMBLY FOR 1872. 

E. W. Young, Chief Clerk, Sauk 
Wm. M. Newcomb, Ass't Clerk, La Fayette 
Fred. A. Dennett, Book-keeper, Sheboygan 
Penry Coe, Enrolling Cleak, Dane. 

A. H. Reed, Engrossing Clerk, Winnebago. 
Chas. E. Norgord, Transcribing Clerk, Columbia. 
Sam. S. Fifield, Sergeant-at-Arms, Polk. 

0. C. Bissell, 1st Ass't Sergeant-at-Arms, Fond du Lac, 

B. F. Smith, 2d Ass't Sergeant-at-Arms, Milwauked. 
S. J. M. Putnam, Postmaster, Janesville, Rock. 
Frank Hatch, 1st Ass't Postmaster, La Crosse. 

Eli Harding, 2d do Ashton, Dane. 

John Gale. 1st Doorkeeper, Merton, Waukesha. 

Geo. W. Baker, 2d do Viroqua, Vernon. 

Thos. Ferris, 3d do Chippewa Falls, Chippewa. 

J. N. Clemmer, 4th do Juda, Green. 

Richard Pritchard, Fireman, Manchester, Green Lake. 

Charles Early do Poynette, Columbia. 

C. E. Williams, 1st Gallery Attendant, Nora, Dane. 

W. D. Harshaw, 2d do Saxeville, Waushara. 



72 Industrial Resources 

R. M. Williams, Com. Room Att't, Delevan, Walworth. 
Robert Glover, rlo Lowell. Dodge. 

David Catshaw, do Lancaster, Grant. 

P. L. Peisley, do Patch Grove, Grant. 

Eli Peterson, Porter, Primrose, Iowa. 
William Maxwell, Wash Room, Somerset, St. Croix. 
J. W. Brackett, Night Watch, Bloomington, Grant. 
Jerry Dixon, Clerks' Room Att't, Oshkosh, Winnebago. 
Willie Holmes, Speaker's Messenger, Janesville, Rock. 
Frank R. Norton, Chief Cl'k's Mess'r Madison, Dane. 
Willie Potter, Sergeant-at-Arras Mess'r, Cambridge, Dane. 
Chas. C. Dana, Messenger, Portage City, Columbia. 
Frank Ferrin, do Montfort, Grant. 

Lynn E. Knox, 
Chas. Miller, 
Daniel Fitzpatrick, 
Owen Fields, 

Chas. Warren, 
Chas. Ptoth, 
Chas. R. Evans, 
Henry McGarrigle, 
Edgar K. Swain, 
Albert Brockway, 



LIST OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE SENATE — 1872 

J. H. Waggoner, Chief Clerk, Richland. 

S. F. Hammond, Assistant Clerk, Rock. 

S. A. Foster, Book-keeper, Pepin. 

Paul Miller, Enrolling Clerk, Columbia. 

C. C. Rogers, Engrossing Clerk, Sheboygan. 

Rob't A. Gillett, Transcribing Clerk, Monroe. 

W. D. Hoard, Sergeant-at-Arms, JeiFerson, 

W. G. H.yde, Ass't Scrgeant-at-Amis, Racine. 

Myron DeWolf, Postmaster, Walworth, 

W. L. Abbott, Ass't Postmaster, La Fayette. 



do 


Janesville, Rock. 


do 


Lowell, Dodge. 


do 


Madison, Dane. 


do 


do 


do 


do 


do 


do 


do 


Platteville, Grant. 


do 


Milwaukee, Milwaukee. 


do 


Kilbourn City, Sauk. 


do 


Black River Falls, Jackson 



LrsT OF Ofeicers, <S<:c. — Senate. 73 

Hugh Longstaff, Doorkeeper, Fond du Lac. 

W. F. Hals, do Pierce. 

Thos. Watson, do Grant. 

J, W. Robson, do Waukesha. 

Geo. Slingsby, Gallery Doorkeeper, Winnebago. 

F. D. Powers, do Dane. 

F. J. Wood, Night Watch, Wood. 

H. B Howe, Porter, Dane. 

J. W. Clise, Messenger, Grant. 

John Manley, do Iowa. 

Willie Dennison do Brotvn. 

Willie BintliflF, do Green. 

Adolph Hastreiter, do Dane. 

Martin Madson, do Dane. 

Frank Johnson, do Jackson. 

Chas. Beyler, do Dane 

Charles Irish, Clerk's Messenger, St. Croix. 

T. M. Evans, Messenger, Columbia. 

W. M. Graham, Governor's Messenger, Kenosha. 

Wm. Meacham, Messenger, Dodge. 



NATIONAL BANKS OF WISCONSIN, WITH LOCATION AND NAMES OE" 

OFFICERS. 

First National Bank, Appleton, Aug. Ledyard Smith, Presi- 
dent, Herman Erb, Cashier; Manufacturers National Bank, Ap- 
pleton, C. G. Adkins, President, Alfred Gclpin, Cashier; Na- 
tional Bank of Beaver Dam, Beaver Dam, J. J. Williams, 
President, C. W. Winfield, Cashier; Beloit National Bank, 
Beloit, H. N. Davis, President. Francis N. Davis, Cashier; 
First National Bank, Boscobel, D. T. Barker, President, Her- 
man A. Myer, Cashier; First National Bank, Broadhead, E. 
Bowen, President, J. V. Richardson, Cashier; First National 
Bank, Columbus, R. W. Chadbourn, President, S. W. Chad- 
bourn, Cashier; National Bank, Delevan, E. Latimer, Presi- 
dent, D. B. Barnes, Cashier; First National Bank, Elkhorn, 
C. Wiswell. President, W. H. Conger, Cashier; First Nation- 
al Bank, Evansville, Floyd T. Pullman, President, I. M. Ben- 



74- Industrial Resources 

net, Cashier; First National Bank, Fond du Lac, Edward 
Pier, President, James B. Perry, Cashier; First National 
Bank, Fort Atkinson, J. D. Clapp, President, L. B, Caswell, 
Cashier; First National Bank, Fox Lake, John W, Davis 
President, W. J. Dexter, Cashier; First National Bank, Green 
Bay, Henry Strong, President, M. Dewitt Peak, Cashier; 
City National Bank, Green Bay, Conrad Kruger, President, H. 
G. Freeman, Cashier ; National Bank of Commerce, Green 
Bay, George Summers, President, Geo. IL Lawton, Cashier; 
First National Bank, Hudson, John Comstock, President, H. 
E. Jefferson, Cashier; First National Bank, Janesville, J. 
Dewitt Rexford, President, J. Bodwell Doe, Cashier; Rock 
County National Bank, Janesville, S. W. Smith, President, J. 
B. Crosby, Cashier ; National Bank, Jefferson, Homer Cook, 
President, E. McMahon, Cashier ; First National Bank, Ke- 
nosha, Z. G. Simmons, President, J. H. Vermilye, Cashier ; 
First National Bank, LaCrosse, W. R. Sill, President, W. A- 
Sutor, Cashier ; First National Bank, Madison, N. B. Van- 
slyke. President, Waj'ne Ranisey, Cashier ; First National 
Bank, Manitowoc, C. C. Barnes, President, Charles Seeling, 
Cashier ; National Bank, Menasha, Robert Sheills, President, 
H. Hewitt Jr., Cashier ; First National Bank, Milwaukee, 
Edward H. Brodhead, President, H. H. Camp, Cashier; 
National Exchange, Milwaukee, Charles D. Nash, President, 
W. G. Fitch, Cashier ; Milwaukee National Bank, Milwaukee, 
Charles T. Bradley, President, T. L. Baker, Cashier ; Na- 
tional City Bank, Milwaukee, Fred C. Bellinger, President, 
Abbott Lawrence, Cashier ; First National Bank, Monroe, G. 
W. Hoffman, President, Julius B. Galusha, Cashier ; National 
Bank, Neenah, Henry Hewitt, Sr., President, Robert Sheills, 
Cashier ; First National Bank, Oshkosh, S. M. Hay, Presi- 
dent, Charles Schriber, Cashier ; Union National Bank, Osh- 
eosh, D. L. Libby, President, R. C. Russel, Cashier ; First 
National Bank, Racine, Nicholas D. Pratt, President, Darwin 
Andrews, Cashier; Manufacturers Nat. Bank, Racine, Jerome J. 
Case, President, Byron B. Northrop, Cashier ; First National 
Bank, Ripon, Edward P. Brockway, President, G. L. Fields, 
Cashier ; First National Bank, Sparta, John T. Hamphill, 



National Banks of Wisconsin. 75 

President, William Wright, Cashier ; Wisconsin National 
Bank, Watertown, William M. Dennis, President, Peter V. 
Brown, Cashier ; Waukesha National Bank, Waukesha, Wil- 
liam Blair, President, A. J. Frame, Cashier ; First National 
Bank, Whitewater, Sanger Marsh, President, C. M. Black- 
man, Cashier. 



BANKS ORGANIZED UNDER THE GENERAL BANKING LAWS OF 
THE STATE OF WISOONSIN. 

Wisconsin Mar. and Fire Insurance Co., Bank, Milwau- 
kee, Alexander Mitchell, President, David Ferguson, Cashier; 
Bank of Commerce, Milwaukee, Edward O'Neill, President, 
Albert B. Geilfuss, Cashier ; Second Ward Savinks Bank, 
Milwaukee, Valentine Blatz, President, W . II. Jacobs, Cashier; 
South Side Savings Bank, Milwaukee, G. C. Trunipff, Presi- 
dent, J. B. Koetting, Cashier ; German Exchange Bank, Mil- 
waukee, M. Von Baumbach, President, R. Nunnemacher, 
Cashier ; Sauk County Bank, Baraboo, T. Thomas, President, 
W. B. Thomas, Cashier ; Fond du Lac Savings Bank, Fond- 
du Lac, Edward Pier, President, Edward Coleman, Cashier ; 
Batavian Bank, LaCrosse, G. Van Steenwyk, President, E. E. 
Bently, Cashier ; Bank of Madison, Madison, S. Mills, Presi- 
dent, J. S. Hill, Cashier ; State Bank, Madison, S. Marshal, 
President, L. S. Hanks, Cashier ; Park Savings Bank, Madi- 
son, Geo. A. Mason, President, M. Freadway, Cashier ; Sum- 
mit Bank, Oconomowoc, Curtis Mann, President, H. K. Edger- 
ton, Cashier; Columbia Co. Bank, Portage, J. P. McGregor, 
President, C. Wheeler, Cashier ; City Bank, Prescott, H. Mil- 
ler, President, H. S. Miller Cashier ; Bank of Ptacine, Racine, 
Henry T. Helman, President ; German Bank, Sheboygan, 
Geo. C. Cole, President, James H. Mead, Cashier ; Bank of 
Watertown, Watertown, A. L. Prichard, President, W. H. 
Clark, Cashier ; Com. Exchange Bank, Waupun, David 
Ferguson, President, William Hobkirk, Cashier. 



76 Industrial Resources 

LIST OF PRIVATE BANKERS, DOING BUSINESS IN THE STATE OP 

WISCONSIN. 

Louis C. Hyde, Beloit ; C. A. Mather, Berlin ; S. W. Bow- 
man, Black River Falls ; Brown &> Co., Broadhead ; Hough- 
ton, & Berger, Burlington; Bank of Boscobel, Boscobel; Bank of 
Columbus, Columbus; Seymour's Bank, Chippewa Falls; Doty & 
Judge, Darlington ; Spaiford ct Clark, Eau Claire ; R. A. Bak- 
er, Fond du Lac ; Ebart & Perry, Fond du Lac ; E. D. Rich- 
ardson, Geneva ; Bank of Geneva, Geneva ; R. C. Worthing- 
ton. Grand Rapids ; J. D. Witters, Grand Rapids ; Bank of 
Kilbourn, Kilbourn City ; Ryland & Hollowey, Lancaster ; 
Bank of Mauston, Mansion ; J. li. Rosencrantz, Mansion ; J. 
Suhr, Madison ; Sherman &- Weeks, Madison ; T. C. Shove, 
Manitowoc ; J. D. Cowdry <fc Son, Mazomanie ; William T. 
Henry, Mineral Point ; W. S. Candee, Milwaukee ; Houghton, 
McCord & Co., Milwaukee ; Hatch &. Co., Milwaukee ; Mar- 
shall tfclllsley, Milwaukee; Sherman «fc Wells, Milwaukee; Bank 
sf New Lisbon, New Lisbon ; Farnsworth &. Smith, Oconto ; 
Miller & Westfall, Prescoit ; Hodges <fc McCann, Plaiierville ; 
James W. A^ail, Port Washington ; Seley's Exchange Bank 
Prairie du Chein ; J. Macky, Reedsburgh ; Brown & Wheeler 
Ripon ; J. S. Tripp, Sauk City ; M. A. Thayer & Co., 
Shullsburg ; G. W. Hungerford A: Bro., Stevens Point ; H. D. 
McCulloch, Stevens Point ; E. W. Anderson Jr., Superior 
City; E. T. Bond, Sheboygan Falls; 0. M. Tyler 6c Co., 
Waukesha ; H. C. Mead (k Co., Waupaca ; Waupaca Bank, 
Waupaca ; J. A. Farnham, Wausau ; Silverthorn 6c Plum- 
merWausau; Bank of Watertown, Wateriown ; Bank of West 
Bend, West Bend ; Gumaer, Weed & Co., Weyauwega. 



COUNTY OFFICERS OF RACINE. 



Sheriff, Frank P. Lawrence ; Clerk of Court, Chas. S. Ship- 
?nan ; Treasurer, L. D. Coombs ; Register of Deeds, John 
Bowen ; Clerk Board Supervisors, Fred Goitschald ; Probate 
Judge, E. Hand. 



City Officer s — R a c i n e . 7T 

CITY OFFICERS OF RACINE FOR 1872. 

Mayor, Ruben Dond ; Clerk and Comptroller, J. A. Beau- 
grand ; Treasurer, S. H. Sage ; Citjv Attorney, Ira C. Paine; 
Justices of the Peace, Lorenzo Janes, Wm. H. Hamilton; Mar- 
shal, Lewis Dickinson ; Assessors, H. T. Taylor, James Tink- 
ker, Julius H. Stake ; Sup't. of Poor, W.^Wadsworth ; Pres't. 
Board of Education, D. W. Emerson; Chief Engineer Fire 
Department, F. Gottbehuet ; Assistant Engineer Fire Depart- 
ment, Jacob Outsen ; Harbor Master, John Brown; City Sex- 
ton, Owen Roberts. 



RACINE. 

Racine, the most important town of its size in the state, is 
beautifully situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Roo-t 
River, elevated more than fifty feet above the surface of the 
lake. It lies twenty-five miles south of Milwaukee, ten from 
Kenosha, and one hundred and fifty from the Mississippi. The 
river runs through it, leaving but a small part of the town to 
the north. This town occupies a level plain, and is ornament- 
ed by several beautiful churches, good hotels and private houses. 
Its situation and general aspect must render it one of the most 
healthful locations in Wisconsin. It is, in every respect, well 
circumstanced for trade, having a good harbor, and excellent 
farming land west of it. It has the advantage of good roads 
runing through rich agricultural districts, thickly settled by 
comfortable farmers, the bone and sinew of every new country. 
It has also the indispensable advantage of two railroads. It 
was incorporated a city in 1848. This beautiful city has a col- 
lege, where young men intended for holy orders in the Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church, are educated. The President is the Rev, 
Dr. DeKoven, a gentleman highly qualified, discharging the duties 
of this institution, which appears. to be in a prosperous condi- 
tion. 

Racine has several churches, two banks, three steam flouring 
mills, several machine shops, with steam engines, and furnaces, 
two telegraph offices, six breweries, good hotels, private and 
common schools, a woolen factory, three wagon factories, tw© 



78 Industrial Resources 

threshing machine factories, one trunk factory, four phiining 
mills, three foundries, one large grain elevator, five tanneries, 
besides numerous mechanics, shops, common in all American 
towns. The population of Racine is about 12,000. Racine be- 
ing so near Milwaukee and Chicago, could not compete with 
either, in store keeping, therefore she wisely turned her 
thoughts to manufacturing, which has made her one of the most 
prosperous, independent, and wealthy towns of her size ia the 
northwest, or perhaps in the Union. 



MILWAUKEE. 

The city of Milwaukee is advantageously situated at the junc- 
tion of the Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers, ninety miles from 
Chicago, eighty due east of Madison, and one hundred and four 
from Green Bay. The bay, at the extremity of which the town 
is built, is three miles broad and one mile deep. The city of 
Milwaukee was incorporated in 1846, and previous to 181S it 
could not boast of a single white man. Mr. Solomon Juneau 
was not only the first white settler in Milwaukee, but the first 
Avhite resident in Wisconsin, with the exception of a few settlers 
at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. On the l4th of Septem- 
ber, 1818, Mr. Juneau entered the Milwaukee river, and in 
1834 built a frame house for the accommodation of himself and 
family, having previously built some log cabins for the accom- 
modation of his business. In 1835, Mr. Juneau lived in a log 
house situated in front of the splendid store now occupied by 
Ludington &■ Co.," on East AVater street. The only other 
buildings then were five log houses, belonging to citizens now 
residing in Milwaukee. Mr. Juneau carried on considerable 
business with the Indians, supplying them with provisions, blan- 
kets, and trinkets. The Indians mustered about tvo hundred, 
principally of the Pottowattomie tribe, tented in wigwams ex- 
tending from where the Sailors' Home now stands to 
where the German Catholic Church stands.^ 

a,Tli.s store is now the Bank ot Uonimerce. 

6, This church is known as Saint Mary's Church. 



Milwaukee, Etc. 79 

How diflFerent the state of things now. How different tlie ap- 
pearance of the Cream Citj of the Lakes in*-' 1854, only eigh- 
teen years from the date of incorporation. Much praise is due 
to the pioneer who chose the site. The bluffs surrounding the 
city form a sort of amphitheatre, broken by a branch of the 
river, which runs due west ; another bran'ch of the river, by 
which vessels enter the city,|runs through the toAvn in a norther- 
ly direction. The water of this branch is employed in driving 
machinery of various descriptions. Part of the town lies low, 
and is altogether occupied by stores, ware-houses, hotels, offi- 
ces, and other houses of business. The higher parts are occu- 
pied by the residences of merchants, professional men, and oth- 
ers desirous of enjoying a fine prospect and good air. The 
buildings springing up every day would be considered no dis- 
grace to the most splendid .cities in Europe ; some of them are 
built of brick of the most beautiful color and of the most endur- 
ing quality. The stores in the principal streets would be an 
ornament to London or Paris. All the streets run at right an- 
gles to one another, nearly all of them having alleys. The city 
is divided into five'^ wards, each electing three aldermen, one of 
them being elected to serve two years, and the other tAvo only 
for one year, and one assessor ; the aldermen elected for two 
years also acting as street commissioners.*^ Each ward has a jus- 
tice of the peace, and the whole city one police magistrate. y. 
The city also elects a comptroller, who has certain duties to 
discharge. The city has also a mayor,^ marshal, treasurer and 
attorney. The city has an engineer, who is elected by the al- 
dermen'' annually. The population of Milwaukee, in 1850 was 
21,000, and in 1852 the population could not be less than 24,- 
000. In 1854 the population is 30,000/ 

Among the principal hotels in Milwaukee are the Newhall 



c. And now, 1872. 

d. Now there are ten wards, each electing one alderman and two common council men. 

e. There are no street commissioners now, their duty discharged by the members of the 
board of work. 

/, Now, the duty of police magistrate is discaharsjed by a municipal judge. 

g, There is no marshal. 

h, The citj' engineer is elected by the jjeople 

J, The population at present (1872) is about 72,000. 



80 Industrial Resources 

• 
House, Plankinton House, Kirby House, St. Charles Hotel, 
Grand Central Hotel, Russell House, Broadway House, Clifton 
House, Cream City House, Depot Hotel, Eagle Hotel, Edger- 
ton House, European Hotel, Exchange Hotel, Fond du Lac 
House, Green Tree Hotel, Horicon House, Lake House, Landa, 
Frantz Hotel, Layton House, Mansion House, Madison House, 
Mc Linden House, Meclenburg House, Menomonee Hotel, Mil- 
waukee, House, Prussian House, Railroad House, Roth's House, 
Republican House, Union House, Wisconsin House, Wolf's 
Hotel. 



CALVARY CHURCH. 

Calvary Church is 64 feet by 112 feet in the outside dimen- 
sions, and is built in the modern style of Gothic architecture, 
presenting a most imposing, elegant/and commanding appear- 
ance, attracting the attention of all who see it, and fitly posited 
at the " crowning point of our street of churches." The base- 
ment, to the water table, is of rock-faced stone from the Wau- 
kesha quarry, and the superstructure of Milwaukee brick, with 
trimmings of Cleveland sandstone. The roof and spire are 
covered with variegated colored slate, and trimmings of zinc 
and galvanized iron. The walls of the building are relieved by 
buttresses, terminating at the underside of the cornice, except 
in the transcript, where they extend above the roof, and are 
tipped off with pinnacles. The tower in the northwest corner, 
is 105 feet high, and is surmounted by a beautifully tapering 
steeple, the whole rising 202 feet from the sidewalk, and form- 
ing the hishest steeple in the State. The change from a square 
to an octagon at the base of the spire is gradual, and is pro- 
duced by curves in the frame work, giving a most elegant form, 
and preventing an appearance of dwarfishness when viewed ob- 
liquely. The main entrance is a porch on Spring street ; over 
this porch is a central window 23 feet by 8, the upper portion 
of the window being by far the finest in the city ; the cap of 
this window is a magnificent specimen of stone carving, not infer- 
ior to any in the city. At the eastern front cornice is a small 
tower extending above the ridge of the roof, and terminating 



Milwaukee Water Works. 81 

in a small spire. The basement is he ted by a furnace, and the 
entire buildino; well ventilated. The buildino; contains several 
rooms Used for various purposes, such as sabbath school, social 
gatherings, ete. It has two entrances, each eight and a half 
feet wide, one from Spring street, and the other from Tenth 
street, through the tower. . The church has sixty one pews, and 
capable of seating six huimred persons. It has also a gallery 
capable of seating seventy persons, and has a fine organ. The 
architects are Messrs. Koch &, Hess. 



WATER WORKS OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE. 

The City of Milwaukee has now entered upon this import- 
ant and necessary work, with all arrangements for its early and 
substantial completion, and upon a scale commensurate with 
the present and future wants of the city. This public enter- 
prize and great convenience to the people, so long delayed, is 
now commenced with increased advantages gained durins: this 
delay, by taking advantage of the experience of other cities, 
and by the ability of the city to-day, as compared with that of 
fifteen years ago, to make substantial and capacious arrange- 
ments to provide for all her present and future wants. 

Some sixteen years ago, a contract was made with a private 
company to construct water Avorks upon the site now designed 
for the present works. This project, however, was delayed. 
Some four years since, the matter was again considered by the 
Common Council, experienced engineers employed, and plans 
prepared ; but another question presented itself, and it was de- 
termined, first, that the City should construct and own the 
works, and not by charter or otherwise disf ose of the public 
convenience to a company. 

Under existing laws, the city was prevented from incurring 

further liabilities, until the indebtedness of the city was reduced 

to $500,000, and the Common Council resolved to await that 

moment. This point was reached early this Spring, and through 

the efforts of the Commissioners of the Public Debt, the Board 

of Water Commissioners have been enabled to commence the 

works. 
6 



82 Industrial Resources 

Kilbourn Park Reservoir, upon the highest point in city or 
county, 150 feet above the lake, will give quantity and force to 
the volume of water flowing through our city, such as few others 
possess. 

Legislation provides that a part of the water pipes shall be a 
charo-e upon the property fronting or abutting upon the line of 
pipes. This provision seems just, inasmuch as the entire city 
cannot be supplied for many years. Those that enjoy the first 
fruits should pay for the right in some way, and a small portion 
of the pipe paid by each property owner on the line of 
pipe, will enable the city to extend this work with better 
facilities and more satisfaction to the public ; and as a matter 
of revenue the city must manage as an individual, expend and 
lay pipe Avhere the greatest return or consumption of water 
will follow. Many cities have laid water mains upon streets 
in which water rates will not pay the interest upon the invest- 
ment, and this being a city speculation, as well as a necessity, 
every property owner is interested in its profit and success, 
though he may not have the water at his door. 

No running stream or lake having been found, commanding 
a sufficient elevation above the city, or capable of supplying it 
with a never failing quantity of pure water sufficient for all 
public and private purposes ; therefore, the Commissioners 
were obliffed to have recourse to tha lake as a matter of neces- 
sity, which will insure both advantages of elevation and quan- 
tity, at the expense, however, of pumping, which could not be 
avoided under existing circumstances. 

The fall from every part of the city to the lake and river, is 
peculiarly favorable to its thorough drainage ; but unfortun- 
ately a system of sewerage has been adopted, in which due ad- 
vantage has not been taken of the facilities presented by the 
contour of the surface. The system of sewerage adopted, is 
both expressive and inefficient, the engineer who gave the plan, 
having violated the first principles of thorough drainage, and 
thereby entailing on the city an endless expense in keeping the 
sewers free from sediments, Avhich otherwise accumulate in them 
year after year. 

Ordinary knowledge of the physical laws governing fluids 



Milwaukee Water Works. 83 

in motion, would enable an engineer to build self-acting sewers ; 
that is, sewers capable of conveying the water from the streets 
to the lake and rivers, and keeping themselves free from sedi- 
ment without the assistance of hired scavengers. It is but 
right to mention, that no blame is attached to the Board of 
Public works, as they only faithfully carried out the, plan 
of the engineer. No engineering blunder need be appre- 
hended in the p'an adopted to supply the city with water ; the 
knowledge and experience of the gentleman entrusted with that 
important duty, being a sufficient guarantee that the work will 
be accomplished to the entire satisfaction of the citizens. 

The water supply for the city of Milwaukee is to be taken 
from lake Michigan, and pumped by steam power into a reser- 
voir one hundred and fifty feet higher than the lake. It will 
be distributed through the city in cast iron mains leading from 
this reservoir. The works now in progress of construction are 
designed to deliver a daily supply of eight million gallons ; 
this supply can be increased by a very small additional outlay 
to sixteen million gallons, when required. 

The pumping works are located on the lake shore, near 
where the line of North Street, extended easterly, would touch 
the lake. This point is two and one-half miles north of the 
mouth of the Milwaukee river. To obtain clear water, a line 
of cast iron pipe, thirty-six inches in diameter, with flexible 
joints, is to be laid from the pump well out into the lake, a dis- 
tance of two thousand feet. The depth of water at this dis- 
tance from the shore is twenty feet. 

There are to be two pumping engines, each to have a capaci- 
ty to raise eight million gallons into the reservoir in twenty- 
four hours, the vertical lift being one hundred and fifty feet. 
The water will be pumped through a force main thirty inches m 
diameter and six hundred feet long, into a stand pipe to be built 
on the high ground between Fourth and Fifth Avenues, and 
south of St. Mary's Hospital. The foundation of the stand 
pipe will be about seventy-five feet above the lake ; its height 
will be one hundred and twenty feet. 

The water will flow from the stand pipe to the reservoir 
through cast iron pipes ; the diameter of this line of main 



84 Industrial Rk sources 

pipes will be thirty inches foi- the first one thousand feet, that 
is, to the junction of North and Prospect Streets. From this 
point to the reservoir the main will be located in North Street ; 
its diameter will be twenty-four inches and its length forty- 
seven hundred feet ; it passes under the iMilwaukee river about 
one thousand feet above the dam. 

The reservoir is on the west side of the Milwaukee river, in 
the sixth ward, near the intersection of North and Fratney 
Streets ; it is called the Kilbourn Park Reservoir, in memory 
of the late Hon. Byron Kilbourn, who gave to the city a portion 
of the land embraced in this site for a public park. This loca- 
tion is the highest ground in the city ; the height of the top 
water line of the reservoir is fixed at one hundred and fifty feet 
above the surface of the lake, an elevation sufficient to give a 
head of about one hundred and thirty feet throughout the whole 
of the business portion of the city. There is no point on the 
east side of the river, south of North Street, where the head 
will be less than forty feet above the level of the street ; the 
head on East and West Water Streets will be about one hun- 
dred and thirty-five feet ; at the junction of Jackson and Biddle 
streets, in front of the Cathedral, it will be eighty feet. The 
highest established grade on the Avest side of the river, except 
on the site of the reservoir, is on Spring Street, near Twenty- 
Fourth, which is one hundred and thirty feet and six inches, 
this is nineteen and one half feet below the top water line of 
the reservoir ; the head at the junction of Fifteenth and Spring 
Streets Avill be seventy-five feet, and at Fifteenth and Vliet it 
will be fifty feet. 

The reservoir is to contain twenty million gallons ; it is to 
be built in one division ; the depth of water when the reservoir 
is full, will be twenty feet above the top of the effluent pipe. 
The embankments forming the sides are being built of earth, 
in layers of about six inches, firmly compacted, as the work 
progresses, by wetting and then rolling with a heavy iron roller. 
They are to be lined on the inside, to prevent leakage, with a 
layer of clay puddle two feet thick ; this puddle will be pro- 
tected by a layer of broken stone, and also by a stone paving 
or lining on the inner slopes of the reservoir ; this lining will 



M I T- vv A u K E E Water Works. 85 

be fifteen inches thick and laid in hydraulic cement mortar ; 
the broken stone between the puddle and stone paving will be 
one foot thick. The Avidth of the banks at the top, four feet 
above the water surface will be fifteen feet. The inner slopes 
will be one and one half horizontal to one vertical, and the 
outer slopes will be two to one. The area of the water sur- 
face will be about four acres. 

The water will flow from the reservoir to the city through a 
cast iron main thirty inches in diameter and one inch thick. 
This main will be laid in North Street to Fourth Street and in 
Fourth Street to Sycamore Street. There will be a twelve inch 
main branchijig off from this at the junction of Fourth and 
Chestnut Streets to be laid in Chestnut Street, also a twelve 
inch main Avill be laid in Spring Street. At the intersection of 
of Fourth and Sycamore there will be a twenty inch main laid 
in Sycamore, east from the thirty inch main to and across the 
river, and in Michigan Street to Milwaukee, where it will con- 
nect with the main pipe on the east side of the river. For 
the supply of that part of the city south of the Menomonee, 
a main twenty inch in diameter continues from the thirty inch 
main at the junction of Sycamore and Fourth Street's, down 
Fourth to Fowler, thence into Third Street and thence crossing 
the Menomonee river to Reed Street, and in Reed to Elizabeth, 
where it is reduced in size to a twelve inch main, and contin- 
ues this diameter to Scott Street. There is also to be a main 
in Elizabeth Street twelve inches in diameter. 

The water will be supplied to the east side through a twenty 
inch main which branches off from the force main at Prospect 
Street, and is to be laid in Prospect, Division, Astor, Mason 
and Milwaukee Street to Michigan, where it connects with the 
twenty inch main which crosses the river to the west side. 

From this point the main is to be continued down Milwaukee 
Street, sixteen inches in diameter, to the river, and across the 
river through South Water and Lake Streets to Reed, where it 
connects with the twenty inch main. 

The pipe mains in the other streets not mentioned herein 
will be of six and eight inches diameter. The smallest size of 
pipe laid in any street will be six inches diameter. The thick- 



86 Biography. 

ness of these pmall pipes will be one half inch. All the pipes 
of whatever size are proved in a hydraulic press to the pres- 
sure of three hundred pounds per square inch. 

There will be a hydrant or fire plug placed at every street 
intersection. The distance apart of the fire plugs will be about 
four hundred and fifty feet. 

The whole number of miles of pipes to be laid is fifty four, 
as follows : 

Thirty inches diameter, two and one half miles ; twenty four 
inches diameter, one and one fourth miles ; twenty inches dia- 
meter, four miles ; sixteen inches diameter, one mile ; twelve 
inches diameter, five miles ; eight inches diameter, six and one 
fourth miles ; six inches in diameter, thirty four miles. 

The total estimated cost of the works is one million four 
hundred thousand dollars. 

The making, delivery and laying of one half of the cast iron 
pipes, the building of the Reservoir, and the building of the 
Engines have been contracted for at prices not exceeding the 
estimated cost. 

The total amount of works now under contract is six hun- 
dred and seventy five thousand dollars. 



GEORGE BREMER, JACOB MORAWETZ AND MORITZ 
L. MORAWETZ. 

In the year 1850 the two first named gentlemen at the head 
of this article, formed a co-partnership to deal in groceries and 
provisions, under the title of George Bremer and Co., and hav- 
ing carried on the business till 1854, they were joined by M. 
L. Morawetz, who with the other two, constitutes the present 
company. By hard labor, close and unremitting attention to 
business, liberality in their dealings, courteous and affable man- 
ners, and above all, by their scrupulous adherence to honesty 
in all their transactions, they soon established a deservedly 
good reputation, which never fails to attract customers, and it 
was so in their case, as they soon were in the enjoyment of an 
extensive and steadily increasing trade, not only in Wisconsin, 
but also in Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and Michigan, distribut- 



Biography. 87 

ing through these States vast quantities of merchandise, part of 
which being of their own importation direct from European 
markets. 

Notwithstanding the many adverse vicissitudes the mercan- 
tile community had to pass through during the twenty two years 
which have elapsed since the above firm had been organized, 
the high charcter the firm established and uniformily maintain- 
ed, has now placed them in a position of eminence among the 
first and most successful merchants in this north western 
country, proving that honesty is the best policy, and 
also showing by their munificence that they believe 
in the truth which characterizes all good men, namely — 
that wealth has its duties as well as its risihts. As a 
natural consequence, resulting from the busines talent of every 
individual member of this firm, the high character they estab- 
lished through the north west, and the universal satisfaction 
they gave, as merchants, the store in which they commenced 
business soon became insufiicient for the rapidly increasing de- 
mand for goods, requiring more room, therefore a store of much 
larger capacity became a matter of necessity, and now they 
transact their grocery and provision trade at the corner of 
Broadway and Huron street, in a magnificent mammoth store, 
built in 1869, which, with others recently built in Broadway, 
adds considerably to the beauty of the Queen city of the Lakes, 
proving the great value of public spirited men who initiate 
improvements. 

The bridge at the foot of Broadway now in the course of 
erection, will, when completed, aflord an approach from the 
south, which will still further advance the interests of that fine 
street as a place of business. Among the influential citizens 
who exerted themselves to promote so desirable an object, as 
the building of this bridge, were the members of the firm of 
George Bremer & Co., especially M. L. Morawetz, who advo- 
cated the measure with great earnestness and much ability, to 
whom the thanks of the residents of that thoroughfare and 
vicinity are justly due. 

George Bremer emigrated from the Dukedom of Brunswick 
in 1847, and came direct to Milwaukee, where he arrived the 



S8 Biography. 

same year; Jacob Morawetz, a native of Bohemia, a province 
of Austria, lelt that country in 1849, landed at N. Y. and came 
to Milwaukee the same year; M. L. Moi'awetz arrived from 
Bohemia in 1849, and arrived at Baltimore the same year, where 
he resided four years, and in 1853 came to Milwaukee, where he 
engaged in the dry goods business, and in 1854 became associ- 
ated with Georo'e Bremer in the wholesale u;rocerv. 



HENRY HILLMANTEL. 

The deceased was born at Neubruenn, Bavaria, February 1, 
1826, and was educated at Wuerzburg, in the same country, 
where he attained to great proficiency in music. In 1850 he 
came to the United States, and was immediately engaged to 
play the organ in St. Mary's church at Covington, Kentucky. 
One year later. Bishop Henni, of this city, visited Covington, 
and noticing the skill and taste of Mr. Ilillmantcl in music, en- 
gaged him to come to Milwaukee, and take the position which 
he filled with great credit up to the time of his death, and by 
no one will his loss be more heavily felt than those who for 
nineteen years have listened to the rich, rare strains of music 
that came from the magnificent cathedral organ under his skill- 
ful handling. In public affairs Mr. Hillmantel has enjoyed the 
confidence of the people of Milwaukee to a high degree. Upon 
the establishment of the municipal court in this city in 1858, he 
was elected clerk, and after the expiration of his term of office, 
was appointed deputy sheriff, and served in that capacity until 
1866, when he was elected clerk of the county board of super- 
visors, and discharged the duties of that responsible position in 
a highly satisfactory manner up to the time of his last fatal ill- 
ness. For some time, he had been suffering from consumption, 
and for three and a half months had been confined to his bed, 
while the cold weather brought his disease to the crisis which 
terminated fatally at six o'clock, January 8th, 1870. With 
him our country lost one of its most accomplished musicians, 
Milwaukee county a faithful, efficient public officer and respect- 
ed citizen, and his family a kind and affectionate husband and 
father. 



Biography. 89 

The funeral of the deceased took place from the Cathedral, 
January 11th, at half-past nine o'clock. It was largely attend- 
ed; the county officers, board of supervisors, county and cir- 
cuit courts, and city officials, as well as relatives, friends and 
acquaintances of the deceased, filling the slips and aisles of the 
building. The exercises consisted of a solemn requiem mass, 
Vicar General Kundig officiating. This was followed by an 
eloquent and impressive address by Father Donohoe, in which 
the speaker paid a glowing tribute to the worth and character 
of the deceased, his zeal for the welfare of the Church, and the 
remarkable talent for music displayed in his capacity as organ- 
ist of the Cathedral. During the offertory the Maennerchor of 
the Musicial Society sang a beautiful and appropriate selection. 
The leading singer in the city took part in the requiem, Prof. 
Kuschbert presiding at the organ, which was draped in mourning. 

The following gentlemen acted as pall bearers. 
Mayor O'Neill. 

Matt. Keenan, Joseph Phillips, Anthony Dahlman, 

F. C. Pomeroy, Peter Stamm, Andrew Mullen. 

After the services the large funeral cortege proceeded to 
Calvary Cemetery, Wauwatosa, where, after a short prayer by 
father Donohoe and a hymn by the choir, the remains were con- 
signed to the narrow confines of the grave. 



LOUIS HILLMANTEL. 

The subject at the head of this brief sketch was born in 
Wurtzburg, Bavaria, where he received a classical, mathemati- 
cal and general education, in an academy conducted by an 
eminent teacher. Besides the usual branches taught in a first 
elass academy, Mr. Hillmantel was thoroughly instructed in 
music and other accomplishments. Having finished his educa- 
tional course, he served as an officer, for some time, in the fi- 
nancial department of the state, after which, he emigrated to 
America, and settled at Milwaukee in 1853, where he joined 
his only brother, the late Henry Hillmantel. The first employ- 
ment he obtained in Milwaukee, was that of clerk to Joseph 
Philipps and Joseph Cordcs, two well known citizens of this 



90 BiOGRAPHY. 

city. Having established a footing in Milwaukee, where he could 
not boast of much success, he Avas invited to Watertown, Avhere 
he became director of the musical society established there, the 
duties of which he discharged with such zeal and ability, as to 
gain universal appreciation. Having left Watertown, he visit- 
ed several places in the United States, and returned to Mil- 
waukee, where he was appointed teacher in the Ninth ward 
school in 1857. The common schools of Milwaukee were not 
the so numerously attended, or in such a prosperous condition 
as at present, the private sfthools having at that time gained 
more of the confidence and patronage of the citizens than the 
public schools. Two or three years after this, Mr. Hillmantel 
was recommended by the late Charles Quentin, then a member 
of the common school Board, as well qualified to assume the 
position of principal of the ninth ward school, to which posi- 
tion he was forthwith appointed by the same Board. The rapid 
increase of the school, from the time of his appointment to the 
present, is the best proof he could give of his competency to 
discharge the arduous duties of his situation, as principal of a 
school now containing; over 1000 scholars, the largest number 
perhaps in any school in the state. Mr. Hillmantel was the 
first in this city that introduced the study of the German Lan- 
guage in his school. 



LEONHARD ALFONS SCHMIDTNER. 

Leonhard Alfons Schmidtner was born in Warsaw, Poland, 
in 1825, and educated in said city, which is known as the city 
of palaces of architectural beauty. Leonhard Alfons is the 
son of Joseph Schmidtner, the most prominent Architect in his 
country, and head inspector of public buildings, who at the early 
age of nineteen years, conducted the renovation of the castle 
and palace belonging to Count Czartoryisky, which was by a 
ucas of Alexander, then Emperor, converted into the Institute 
for the education of females. During the construction of this 
magnificent building, covering, Avith its side wings, arcades, 
andpnvillions, an area of over ten acres of buildingground, the 
father of the subject of this sketch, was accidently hurt by a 



Biography. 91 

beam of timber which fell on him, and soon after died, leaving 
the entire building in the hands of his son, Leohnard Alfons, 
to finish. At this time, the subject of this sketch, having 
arrived at the age of twenty, was called to military service in 
the Russian army, which from a Polander required fifteen 
years ; but prefering to forfeit all the wealth left him by his 
father to such a length of military service, the young architect 
escaped to Bavaria, visiting Munich, the city of arts, the Uni- 
versity, Polytechnic Institute, and other places of architectural 
note, enlarging his knowledge of his profession, as he went 
along, supported all the time by his uncle, Leonhard Schmidtner, 
an eminent architect, then Minister of the Public Buildings in 
the Kingdom of Bavaria, and just engaged to renew the old 
AVittelsbach Palace at Landohutt, near Munich, tor a summer 
residence for the King of Bavaria. Supplied by his uncle 
with the necessary means, Leonhard Alfons emigrated to the 
United States in 1848, arriving in Milwaukee in the twenty- 
third year of his age. In 1849, Mr. Schmidter, associated with 
John Rugee, architect, built the Phoenix building, trimmed 
with red sandstone, on East Water Street, which is among the 
many first-class buildings erected by them, and uninterrupted- 
ly has been engaged ever since in his profession, with the ex- 
ception of two years absent from the city, caused by family en- 
gagements. 

From 1854 till 1860 he was associated with .Mr. G. W. 
Mygatt, architect, during which time they erected many of the 
first buildings in the city. In 1^60, he was elected by the 
voters of the second a,- i -i]^ as an independent member of the 
legislature, and after d\ v::;arging the duties of that position with 
satisfaction to his constituents, he opened an office on his ow^n 
account, and now occupies architectural rooms in the Grand 
Opera House. Among the many important buildings 
erected by Mr. Schmidtner in the State, may he counted the 
State Prison, the House of Correction, the Madison School 
House, etc; but what crowns his name as an architect, is the 
County Court House, now in course of erection. This grand 
public building consists of centre part 86 feet by 130, and is 
three story, and two wings 84 feet by 66 each, two story high, 



92 Biography. 

built of brick, faced with Lake Superior brown sand stone. 
This is the first public building ever erected of stone from this 
new quarry. Great objections have been raised to the use of 
this stone for building purposes, but the demand for it in Chic- 
ago and Milwaukee shows that the objection was not well founded, 
and also the correctness of the architect's choice, in his selec- 
tion. The writer has taken no pains to ascertain the compon- 
ent parts of this sandstone; a Jhasty glance, however, shows 
that it contains but a very small quantity of mica, a substance 
not able to resist the effect of frost and moisture. He would 
however say, that the dark color of the stone detracts from the 
appearance of this splendid edifice, which will be a lasting 
monument, testifying the architectural knowledge and taste of 
Leonhard Alfons Schmidtner, the architect, who was nursed in 
an architectural cradle. The Court House has four porticoes, 
one on each front, extended the entire height of the building, 
with ba'conys erected in doric, and the upper colum modern 
Corinthian style. The dome on the centre part resting on six- 
teen Corinthian columns, surrounded by a balcony all around, 
and finished Avith top lanterns, and the Goddess of Liberty 
(13 ft. 6 in.) elevated 210 feet above the ground, and made of cop- 
per and zinc. The inside of this building is arranged with 13 
feet wide corridors, intersecting a 36 feet rotunda, with offices 
on each side of the said corridors; all the corridors, stairways 
vestibules, and rotunda are fresco painted, and the general 
style inside and outside, resembling the Renaisonce style in all 
its details. 

This building was originally designed for county offices, and 
three court rooms, — county, district and muncipal courts, but 
while the building Avas in course of erection, the tax-payers sug- 
gested the idea of removing the capitol from Madison to Mil- 
waukee, and donating the building and ground to the state. 
This however, failed, and as soon as the west wing was complet- 
ed, another idea struck the tax-payers, and finally it was agreed 
that the east wing and part of the main building should be rent- 
ed to the city government for thirty years. This arrangement 
requiring more offices than had been originally intended, oblig- 
ed the architect to alter the subdivisions of the interior of the 



Biography. [)'i 

building, cutting up large rooms into small ones, destroying to 
some extent the beauty of the interior. Those not acquainted 
with the circumstance here stated, may find fault with the in- 
terior of the building, but no blame can be attached to the archi- 
tect. This beautiful public building was commenced in 1868, 
and will be completed in October 1872, at a cost of |r)40,000. 



WILLIAM jVIEINCKE. 

Was born in Luebsea, Mecklenburg Schwerin, July 13th, 
1834, and received his education in the same place, and was 
bound apprentice at Guestro, same state, for three years, to 
learn the carriage-making trade. With the view to improve 
himself in his trade, he traveled through several parts of Eu- 
rope for five years, acquiring further knowledge of his business 
as he went along. Conceiving himself to be a perfect master 
of his trade, he left the place of his nativity in 1857, and 
came to Milwaukee in the same year, where he was engaged as 
journeyman for two years and seven months, at the end of 
which time he commenced business on his own account, hirino- 
only one man for the first year to help him, but noAv employs 
twenty-four hands in his factory. 

In 1866, he had the misfortune to be burned out, Avhich, of 
course, considerably checked his upward progress in business. 
In a few years, however, he recovered himself somewhat, and 
in 1871, he purchased two lots at the corner of Broadway and 
Detroit streets, on which he built a very fine factory, four sto- 
ries high, with an excellent basement, all of which is converted 
into workshops for manufacturing purposes. This fine build- 
ing is well suited for all the purposes it was intended, being 
conveniently divided, and of sufficient capacity to carry on a 
large business, the situation being also one of the best in 
the city. 



LORENZO JANES 

Was born in Washington County, in the State of Vermont, 
on the 18th day of September, 1801. He received an aca- 



94 Biography, 

demical education at the Academy in Montpelier, Vermont. In 
1823, went to Adams, Jefferson County, New York, and com- 
menced the study of the law in the office of Hon. Thomas C. 
Chittenden. Remained there about one year, and then went 
to Brownsville, in the same county, and entered the office of 
Hon. Thomas Y. How as a law student, and remained there 
until October 1827, when he went to Albany, N. Y''., and en- 
tered the law office of Van Vechten and Baldwin, as a law stu- 
dent, where he remained until October 1828, when he was ad- 
mitted as an attorney of the Supreme Court of that State, and 
immediately opened an office in the City of Albany, and com- 
menced the practice of law. In 1833 he was appointed by 
Governor William L. Marcy one of the Justices of the Jus- 
tices' Court of the City of Albany, Avhere he pies ded for four 
years, at the end of which term he removed to Racine, Wis- 
consin, and commenced the practice of his profession. In 1839 
he became one of the proprietors of Racine, and the title to 
all the lots in the original town plot of the village of Racine 
is derived through him. 

In 1839, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Wis- 
consin, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. 
Marshall M. Strong, and after the expiration of which term he 
was re-elected for two years. In 1840 he Avas appointed by 
Governor Henry Dodge one of his staff, with the rank of Col- 
onel, and acted as such until the close of Governor Dodge's 
administration, when he was appointed to the same office by 
Governor James Duane Doty. 

In 1838, he, together with others commenced the publication of 
the Racine Argus, the first newspaper published in Racine 
County, and he and Hon. Marshall M. Strong were its editors. 
He was the second lawyer that settled in Racine County, and is 
now the oldest member of the bar in the county. 



ROBERT C. SPENCER 

Was born in East Ashtabula, Ashtabula County, Ohio, June 
22d, 1829, and is the oldest son of Piatt R. Spencer, the cele- 
brated author of the well known Spencei-ian System of Pen- 



Biography. 95 

manship, so universally used in this country, and widely intro- 
duced in the schools and counting-rooms of Europe. 

Mr. Robert C. Spencer entered the profession of Commer- 
cial teaching in 1853, at Buifalo, N. Y., Avhere he was associ- 
ated with Hon. Victor JV(. Rice, aftenvard for several terms 
Superintendent of Public Instruction for the State of New York. 

From the inception of the Bryant &• Stratton Chain of Com- 
mercial Colleges, Mr. Spencer was active and prominent in de- 
veloping and extending that enterprise, which accomplished so 
much for the cause of business education. Several of the 
most important schools embraced in the Chain of Colleges wei'c 
organized and managed by Mr. Spencer. Among these are the 
colleges at Buffalo, N. Y., Chicago, St. Louis and the institu- 
tion now under his charge in Milwaukee, known as the 

SPENCERIAN BUSINESS COLLEGE. 

This institution was founded in 1863, and from the time that 
it was opened until the present, it has had the untiring atten- 
tion and labors of its founders. From 1863 to 1872, the 
number of persons instructed in the College is in round num- 
bers about two thousand, tvho have been absorbed into the 
business of the country, forming a most useful and influential 
class of business men. 

In 1867, Mr. R. C. Spencer was instrumental in organizing 
the International Business College Association, which is the 
only organization of the kind in the world. In this Associa- 
tion Mr. Spencer has held the most important positions, and 
has been most active and influential. At the annual meeting 
in Detroit in June 1871, Mr. Spencer was elected President of 
the International Business College Association. 

In selecting Milwaukee for his place of residence, and in 
founding here the Spencerian Business College, Mr. Spencer 
has been governed by a determination to devote the remainder 
of his life to building up a business college second to no other 
institution of the kind in the world. That he will accomplish 
his purpose no one can doubt who knows the man. 



Industrial Resources 



ACADEMY OF MUSIC. 



This splendid Hall is located on Milwaukee Street, between 
Wisconsin and Michigan streets, and covers an area of 135 
feet front by 120 feet in depth. The main entrance leading to 
the dress circle and parquette is twenty-four feet wide, and the 
entrance to the Balcony circle at the north end of the building 
is eight feet wide ; the audience room is on the gi'ound floor. 
There are seven wide aisles in Parquette, Dress, and Balcony 
circles, and exits enough to allow egress for an auditory of 
1500 persons in less than five minutes, which insures safety in 
case of fire or accident. The Audience Hall is capable of 
seating about 1200 persons, and is on the ground floor. The 
plans and specifications for the improvement and remodeling of 
the building formerly known as Music Hall, were prepared by 
M. Sheard, Architect, 115 Wisconsin Street ; the principal 
contractor and superintendent was Henry Buestrin, Front St, ; 
Fresco Painting and Decorating were by J. H. Harding, 115 
Wisconsin Street ; the plain and ornamental painting was done 
by Harper Brothers, 92 Oneida Street and Market Square, old 
and respectable residents of Milwaukee, and known as first 
class painters. The mason and stone work was done by 
Firle and Tinker ; the ornamental work by Chas. J. Williams, 
147 3d Street ; plumbers work was done by James L. Harker ; 
the iron work by Hornbach <fe. Wagner, Market Street. The 
gas works were done under the superintendence of J. H. Walk- 
er of the Milwaukee Gas Company, by William E. Goodman, 
117 Wisconsin Street ; the stage is one of the largest in the 
United States, being 55 feet deep, and 72 feet wide, and pe- 
culiarly adapted for Operas and the Drama, bein,.!,- fitted up in 
the most modern style by Messrs. Henry Kurtz, and F. Vel- 
guth ; new and resplendent scenery painted by Joseph Dol- 
phin ; the drop curtains, drops, and tormentor wings were 
painted by F. Heur. 

Three things should be particularly attended to in all places 
of amusement, where largo gatherings are in the habit of meet- 
ing, namely : seating, lighting, and ventilation. There are 
742 seats in the Parquette and Dress Circle-; the Balcony Cir- 



Biography. 97 

cle is furnislied with Jackson's cabinet chairs of the most beau- 
tiful patterns and upholstery. The upholstery of all the chairs, 
railings, and the furnishing of carpets, curtains, and mattings, 
are from the well known firm of Goldsmith &. Co., 365 Broad- 
way. The heating and ventilating apparatus were furnished 
by C. A. Buttles, 355 East Water Street. Magnificent gas 
fixtures Avere furnished by the United States Reflector Co., 
611 Broadway, New York. The centre fixture or chandelier 
is lighted by nearly four hundred lights, divided into three 
fixed and armed candelabras, in imitation of candles and re- 
flectinor lio-hts. Like all other fixtures in the Academy of Mu- 
sic, it is made of prismatic chains and^pendants, and is said to 
be the largest and most brilliant fixture in the United States. 
The Dress Circle is lighted by seven prismatic sunlights ; the 
Ladies parlor, and the entrance halls and vestibules are lighted 
by prismatic chandeliers. 

For the special accommodation of lady visitors, the ladies 
parlor, with adjoining cloakroom, have been fitted up in a most 
elegant manner, with rich carpets, curtains, and lamberquins 
from the well known house of Goldsmith & Co. The fine and 
rich furniture is from the house of J. Birchard, and the fresco 
work by J. H. Harding. 

The Academy of Music may be considered one of the most 
elegant places of amusement in the United States, reflecting 
everlasting credit on the Board of Directors, who are Henry 
M. Mendel, President ; Leopold Holzapfel, Secretary ; F. W. 
Mueller, Treasurer ; Ed. Ferguson, Otto F. Kuehn, William 
Biersach, 



L. A. BISHOP, M. D., 

Was born August 24, 1846, in the Town of Eden, Fond du Lac 
County, State of Wisconsin ; attended a District School until 
the age of thirteen, then the Grammar and High Schools in the 
City of Fond du Lac. Then commenced the study of medicine 
with Dr. S. J. Patchen of the aforesaid city. Graduated with 
high honors, being the valedictorian of his class, February 25, 
1870, at the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, Illinois. 
7 



08 BlOCJRAPHY. 

Also received a Diploma from the Chicago Eye and Ear Infir- 
mary the same winter. The Doctor is a grandson of Archibald 
Bishop, and nephew of the Hon. Charles A. Eldridge, Member 
of Congress, who has been recently nominated for re-election to 
the same office. 

It is not too much to say of Doctor Bishop, that few medical 
men of his age in the country stand so high as he does. With 
the unusually great practice the Doctor has, and associated 
with a physician of great eminence, of whose experience he 
must necessarily take advantage, the subject of this sketch bids 
fair to rank, at no distant day, with the first class of his pro- 
fession in the Northwest. 



JOHN E. THOMAS 

Was born in Rensselaer County, New York, November 27th, 
1829, and at the age of four years his parents removed to west- 
ern New York, and settled in Livingston County for a short 
time, and afterwards to Genessee County, where the subject of 
this sketch commenced his education in the common schools. 

The financial crash of 1836-7 swept away most of the pro- 
perty of the family, and he, at the age of sixteen, left school, 
and, unaided, went to Lockport, Niagara County, and there 
eno-aged himself to a merchant, in Avhose employ he laid the 
foundation for a thorough business education ; and while at- 
tending closely to his duties, he found time to pursue his 
studies, adding to his library, from time to time, until he had 
completed the usual classical course, and had acquired a know- 
ledge of the German language. 

He came to Wisconsin in 1849, at the age of nineteen, and 
eno^afed in business pursuits until 1850. He then commenced 
the study of law, and was, in 1858, admitted to practice in the 
Circuit Court; 1859 to the Supreme Court, and in 18(50 to the 
U. S. District Court for the District of Wisconsin. 

In the year 1862 he was Member of the Assembly, and at 
the extra session for that year was Chairman of the Judiciary 
Committee. 

In 1863-4 he represented the First District in the Senate, 



Biography. 99 

and was Chairman of the Select Committee to take into consi- 
deration the liability of the State to those who had suffered loss 
of property by the "Ozaukee riot ;" and in his report he took 
strong grounds in favor of the legality of the claims made by the 
sufferers. The report was so carefully drawn, and was sustain- 
ed by so many legal authorities, that the Legislature adopted it 
by nearly a unanimous vote, and the claimants were paid con- 
siderable sums of money from the treasury. 

As a member of a committee he drafted and reported a bill, 
placing a large sum in the hands of the Governor, to be used 
in searching out and returning to the State sick and wounded 
soldiers, who Avere pining in hospitals scattered over a large 
extent of territory; and although the passage of the bill was op- 
posed for various reasons, it was finally adopted by a nearly un- 
animous vote, and many a soldier was made glad by its provi- 
sions. 

He was a member of the Board of Regents of Normal Schools 
for six years, and Avas during that time Secretary of the Build- 
ing and Executive Committee of that Board. He has been 
Town and County Superintendent of Schools; and a member of 
the School Board for several years. Is Secretary of the County 
Agricultural Society and of the County Horticultural Society. 
Has been President of the Village. 

He has, over different non de plumes, anonymously contri- 
buted for several years to various journals, and has ever been 
active in his profession, and in many enterprises, intended for 
the moral, intellectual and material prosperity of his adopted 
state. 

He is of Welsh extraction, mingled with German blood. 

He married Miss Clara A. W. Cole, at Sheboygan Falls, and 
has resided there since September, 1849. 

Mr. Thomas has a handsome residence on the east side of 
the river, passing through the town, elevated about seventy feet 
a'jove the bed of the river, from which there is a beautiful view, 
but rather limited. The house stands on a small domain of 
six acres, skillfully laid out, containing an orchard, garden and 
grapery, for which it is peculiarly adapted by nature, occupying. 



IQO Biography. 

as it docs, an abrupt slope from the river toward the east and a 
little north. 

The house is approached from below by several flights of 
stairs, connected by platforms, on either side of which is a seat, 
well sheltered. Mr. Thomas has a large practice as a lawyer, 
and is universally liked by all his neighbors. In the absence 
of a bank, his checks are readily -cashed by all the store-keepers 
in the town without any hesitation. 



ELISHA BOARDMAN 

Was born at Morristown, Lamville County, on the 14th of 
August, 1810; was educated in an academy in the same place. 
His father was a farmer and hotel-keeper, which business he 
followed while with his father. In 1833, he went to a farm of 
his own in the same town. In 1834, he rented a hotel at 
Lowell, Vermont, which he run for one year; went back to a 
farm at Morris in 1835, and in 1837 moved to North Hyde 
Park, where he started a new town, in which he acted as Post- 
master and Justice of the Peace for three years. In 1838 he 
established a post route between Hyde Park and Belvedere. 
At North Hyde Park he built a house and store, and got into 
the mercantile business; also built an ashery, and manufactured 
pearl ash. In the meantime he bought and sold horses, and had 
teams hauling goods to Boston, and Burlington, Vermont. 
Having heard so much of the West, he came to West Dupage, 
Illinois, where he kept a Hotel for one year, and took another 
hotel, four miles out of Chicago, which he kept for one year and 
a half, when he moved into Chicago, from which he took his de- 
parture for Milwaukee in 1850, with only five cents in his 
pocket; verifying the old proverb — "that a rolling stone gathers 
no moss." But still retaining youth, hope and energy; and 
what is better than all, perseverance, Avhich overcomes most 
difficulties, he got employment irom Mr. Elworth, who kept a 
laro-e lumber yard. In two months after he got employment 
from Mr. Pcttibone in his lumber yard; and in a short time he 
went to the country, where he was employed in cradleing grain. 
In a short time he began to buy small lots of anything he could 



Biography. iQl 

pick up for other persons, and in 1834 lie got into the produce 
business, in partnership with L. K. Barron, for one year; and, 
in 1855, in company with Mr. Skinner. After being with him 
for a short time, he went into the commission business by him- 
self. In 1858 he joined Star Bewman in the wool business. 
In 1857-8 he got into real estate speculation; and since 1861 
up to the present time, has been engaged in the wool trade, and 
now has acquired a competence; proving that perseverance is 
sufficient in most cases, is able to surmount a succession of dif- 
ficulties. 

In all these different occupations, Mr. Boardman has retained 
a good name, and is now a respectable merchant. 



REV. WESSON GAGE MILLER, D. D., 

Was born in Otsego County, New York, February 8th, A. D., 
1822. In boyhood his time was divided, wlien not at school, 
between his father's farm and lumber mill. While yet a child 
he became passionately fond of reading. Books of history and 
philosophy were his chief delight. After passing through his 
father's scanty collection, he had recourse to borrowing from 
the better stored and ever open libraries of his father's friends. 
Before his twelfth year he was not unfrequently known to go on 
foot the distance of ten miles on this laudable errand. Being 
apt in his studies, he had so far progressed in his education 
that, before he was eighteen, he entered upon the vocation of 
teaching. To this chosen field he gave a large portion of the 
next four years; while at the same time he gave considerable 
attention to the study of both Law and Medicine, not, how- 
ever, with any special purpose to enter upon either profession, 
but rather from a desire to take a wider range of study. 

In the summer of 1844, he came to Wisconsin, and settled at 
Waupun. Here his first year was given to the erection of a 
lumber mill in conjunction with his father. At the beginning 
of the next year he was induced, in view of the great destitu- 
tion of ministerial services in the country, to accept of ministe- 
rial authority, and enter upon this interesting field of labor. 
Receiving his authority May 31, 1845, he was soon after as- 



10- Biography. 

signed, by the Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
to the charge of Waupun and its vicinity. 

Mounting his horse in the primitive style of the Methodist 
itinerant, and provided with a pocket compass, he started out 
over the untracked prairies to find the new settlements in what 
was then known as Northern Wisconsin. Soon a circuit of 
twenty-four appointments was formed, using in most places log- 
houses and board shanties as temporary chapels. The appoint- 
ments were filled semi-monthly, making it necessary to preach 
nearly twice each day. These Avere the heroic days of Metho- 
dist itinerancy in Wisconsin. 

The ministerial work, thus entered upon, has been strictly 
adhered to by the Doctor, without interruption, to the present 
time. He was first stationed in Milwaukee in 1850 and 
51, since which time he has alternated between the principal 
stations of the Conference and the «Presiding Eldership. In 
the latter he has served three full terms of four years each. He 
is now again filling the pulpit of the first charge in Milwaukee. 

The Doctor has taken a deep interest in all questions of moral 
reform in our State. Both his pulpit and his pen have been 
outspoken and fearless in vindication of the right. 

Always anti-slavery, and reading at the outset the issues of 
the war, he was an ardent supporter of the Government during 
the conflict. 

In the educational work of the State he has ever given a 
ready hand. The Lawrence University, especially, has been 
the constant object of his solicitude. Having been a member 
of its Board from the first, he has hardly failed to be present at 
its meetings for more than twenty years. 

He was given the degree of D. D. in 18G1:. 

The Rev. Doctor may feel proud of his ministerial labors in 
Wisconsin. In his intercourse with the people, he was aifable 
and courteous; in his travels through the wilderness, as pioneer 
missionary, at an early day, he was active and untiring; and in 
the pulpit he was, and continues to be eloquent and impressive. 
These personal qualities of head and heart, of mind and body, 
could not fail of making him many friends and admirers, with 
whom originated the idea of Doctor Miller's fitness to discharge 



Biography. 103 

the onerous duties of Bishop., when the services of such a dig- 
nitary may be required. 



HON. SAM. RYAN, Jr., 

Is the present County Judge of Outagamie County, and Editor 
of the "Appleton Crescent," which he founded in 1853, in the 
then newly established village of Appleton. Judge Ryan was 
born at Sacketts Harbor, Jefferson County, N. Y., March 13, 
1824; was brought by his father, (Col. Samuel Ryan, of Mena- 
sha,) in 1826, to Fort Howard, three years before there was a 
building in what is now Green Bay : is self educated, having 
had no opportunities to obtain a scholastic education. In 1841, 
he entered a printing office at Green Bay — the " Green Bay 
Republican," 0. II. Sholes, proprietor, C. C. P. Arndt, Edi- 
tor — and in 1844, before he was of age, became its Editor. As 
soon as he was old enough, he was elected a School Commis- 
sioner because of the interest he manifested in educational mat- 
ters. In January, 1848, he removed to Fond du Lac, and es- 
tablished the "Fond du Lac Republican," afterwards changing 
its name to "The Fountain City." He also held the office of 
Postmaster at Fond du Lac. His newspaper enterprise prov- 
ing a failure, and a severe domestic affliction befalling him, he 
returned to Green Bay in the winter of 1850-1, and in the 
Spring following established the "Green Bay Spectator." A 
distasteful partnership led to its discontinuance at the close of 
the year 1852, and in January, 1853, he located at Appleton. 
He has held the office of Village Trustee and Clerk, Clerk of 
the Court, and Member of the Assembly prior to his first elec- 
tion as County Judge in 1865. During the war, he raised a 
company of volunteers, but failing to fill it in time, it was dis- 
banded, and he enlisted in the Third Wis. Cavalry, and was at 
once placed on the staff" in the Commissary and Quartermas- 
ter's departments: was detailed to serve on the military com- 
mission, thus doing double duty for many months. His health 
failing, and a cavalry re-organization being ordered, he finally 
availed himself thereof, and was honorably mustered out of the 
service, resuming his place as an Editor as soon as his health 



1 04 B I O C; R A P H Y . 

would permit. During the entire Territorial and State exist- 
ence ot Wisconsin, he has claimed it as his home, and is iden- 
tified with many of the most prominent events in its history. 



HON. WILLIAM H. HINER, 

Representative of the Eighteenth District, consisting of the towns 
of Alto, Eldorado, Fond du Lac, Friendship, Lamartine, Me- 
tomen, Oakfield, Ripon, Rosendale, Springvale, Waupun, the 
north ward of the village of Waupun, and the cities of Fond du 
Lac and Ripon, in the county of Fond du Lac. Population, 
in 1870, 21,703. 

The Senator is the gentleman at the head of this sketch. He 
was born in the town of Bedford, Penn., December 16, 1821 ; 
received a common school and academic education; is proprie- 
tor of the Union Iron Works in Fond du Lac; he came to Wis- 
consin in 1850, and settled at Fond du Lac, where he has con- 
tinued to reside until the present time. He was elected alder- 
man and supervisor at the first charter election held in Fond 
du Lac, in 1852, and served several years as alderman and 
president of the city council, and was elected by the council in 
1865 to fill a vacancy in the office of mayor, and was again 
elected in 1867, by the people, without opposition; served seve- 
ral years as a member of the board of education of the city; 
Avas elected by the county board of supervisors in 1854, to fill 
a vacancy in the office of county treasurer. He received 3,252 
votes, against 1,999 for Jerry Dobbs, Jr., Dem. 



STATE INDUSTRY. 

The Foundry, Machine Shops and Steam Engine Works of 
HiNER vfc Co., Fond du Lac. 

To one versed in the short history of our State, the most 
surprising impression in traveling through its borders, is the 
rapidity of its settlement. 

But a score and a half years ago most of it was a complete 
wilderness. Forests of great oaks and pines everywhere 
stretched their long arms over the land. The soil, every year 



Biography. 105 

ranker, sighed for the husbandman's labor in vain. Mother 
Nature had not opened from her bosom her harvest of fruits. 
Mineral treasures, locked up in their rocky cells, were prison- 
ers to the tardy activity of the white man. Only the paltry 
skins of the wild denizens of the woods tempted enterprise, 
and civilization was but faintly dawning. See what thirty years 
have done ! Indians and traders have flitted away before the 
rapid march of emigration. The tall trees are fallen. Waving 
grain, rich meadows and rolling fields with all the hues of har- 
vest, gladden the eye looking over the land. When was there 
ever such a transformation ? Nations, not alone born, but 
grown up almost in a day ! The principal agent in doing all 
this, is that mighty power — steam. 

The lively fancy of the Greek mind pictured an incarnation 
of Deity working wonders in creating comforts or heroically 
combatino; evils amonc;; men. The Genii of Arabian lore, in an 
instant mounting the air, carried castles like toys to far-off des- 
erts or changed with magical celerity the haunts of men. Our 
Hercules, steam, however, without the aid of fiction, laughs to 
scorn the boasted taski of the stable cleansing god and rivals 
the swiftness of the Genii in the changes which he effects in re- 
deeming the wilderness. 

Indian story-tellers amid the wilds so recently here, by the 
cheerful fires of winter nights, held their swarthy hearers with 
mighty deeds of demi-gods tearing up mountains and filling val- 
leys, or, of Jove, like Manabozho, flying over the land and de- 
stroying the races of the ravenous wolf, or transforming huge 
serpents into cragged rocks. These heroes would seem like 
prophetic figures sent to the dark minds of those simple men, to 
warn them of that toiling spirit — steam — who, tearing out the 
vitals of mountains, filling up the valleys and levelling the for- 
ests, would forever separate them from their haunts. Puffing 
up its white breath with its "wheuf, wheuf," against the clear 
blue sky; making the valleys ring with its buzzing saws, and 
its whirring planers as it rips up, planes and shapes monster 
pines into useful forms; relieving the drudgery of men and de- 
stroying the wolves of poverty, ignorance and disorder, giant 



106 B I O C R A P H V . 

mind and ponderous force united, what spirit so like the great 
Manabozho, as steam ! 

UXrON IRON WORKS. 

The steam engine goes in amid the glades and Avilds to build 
a highway for progress, but with him it takes his smoke-be- 
grimmed and greasy priests who soon build him a temple. Such 
a temple is the extensive 

MACHINE SHOP, FOUNDRY AND STEAM ENGINE WORKS OF 
MESSRS. W. n. HINER & CO. 

A large plat of ground 480 feet sc^uare take in these works. 
A little village of shops and sheds, with smocking stacks and 
avenues lined with wheels, old machinery, piles of Lake Supe- 
rior pig iron, coal, sand, flasks, moulds and debris. 

A large frame building, 30x100 feet, encloses their moulding 
floor, where fly-wheels over twelve feet in diameter are cast. 
They are now preparing for casting the immense engines for the 
new blasting furnaces at Depere. A cupola, with a capacity of 
a blast of ten tons, melts up the ore, pouring it forth from its 
fiery throat; and, like the bright thoughts of noble minds flow- 
ing in the g'ow of eloquence and fastened in the hearts of men, 
moulding it into the images of busy brains. 

A stone building, 100x160 feet in extent, contain blacksmith 
and other shops, and a brick edifice, 50x100 feet, serves as a 
machine shop. This shop contains 14 lathes, 3 planers, 4 drill 
presses, 1 bolt cutter, 1 slotter and 2 blowers. Another frame 
building of two stories is filled Avith a multitude of patterns. 
A lariTC number of the most skillful workmen are employed here 
and a vast amount of capital invested. 

THEIR WORK. 

Before we saw the works of this firm we saw evidences of 
their superior skill in many a factory and mill. They make the 
celebrated Treinain pattern steam engines. These engines are 
models of beauty and noted for the ease with which they trans- 
mit their power. By an admirable location of the valve-chest 
to one side of the cylinder all friction of the s ide valves in the 
admission, distribution, compression and exhaustion of steam is 



BlOGKAPHV. 107 

avoided. The advantages of this admirable valve arrangement 
can only be understood by inspecting the machine and seeing 
its smooth working. Therefore any description of it would be 
quite imperfect. The piston also plays through the back of its 
cylinder, running through a lubricated cast-iron holder, so that 
there is not the least friction from its <2;reat wei";ht. This en- 
gine may be seen lying upon its bed, its sleek, tapering arms 
turning around its ponderous wheel with no more effort than 
that of a sleeping infant in breathing. 

white's improved automatic shingle machine 
has also attracted our notice, making the most complicated me- 
chanical movements with a simplicity of contrivance at once sur- 
prising and pleasing. It cuts thirty-five to fifty thousand shing- 
les per day with a thoroughness unknown to other machines. 
A large block of white pine placed in this machine is sawn off 
into shingles of any thicknes, leaving no >palt thick enough to 
be of any service, so that the price of the machine may be sav- 
ed in the waste pieces sawn up by it. This machine will also 
cut heads for barrels, making nearly double the amount of any 
other machine in the market. Mr. White, one of the members 
of this firm, invented this machine, and it may be taken as a 
fair sample of the mechanical skill guiding the operations of the 
Union Works. 

dicey's patent edger 

is also manufactured in this establishment. A series of circular 
saws, revolving between groved iron rollers and readily adjust 
able to any width by means of a screw, is a most simple and ef- 
fective device for makino; the edges of lumber straight and 
parallel. This machine bears high testimonials from Messrs. 
Meyer, Merryman A: Co., McDonald, Moore, Galloway tV 
Baker, of Fond du Lac, and from Manistee, Michigan, and other 
lumbering places. 

carver's double-acting force pump, 
secured by a number of patents for improvements, the last dat- 
ing in 1870, judging by testimonials, is one of the most effi- 
cient, simple and durable Double-Acting Force Pumps ever in- 
vented. Adapted for use in any well, working perfectly in 



108 Biography. 

drilled wells of an}^ depth and so easily that a child may oper- 
ate it, it must come into universal use. It also does not freeze, 
and is readily taken apart and fixed. When furnished with a 
hose, it is a valuable protection against fire, not only in sprink- 
ling sheds, yards, shavings, &c., against the possibility of dan- 
ger, but for staying the flames in actual progress. The double- 
hralce fire pump ^ intended for the use of hotels^ mills, factories, 
and as fire engines for villages and towns; is of small cost, 
handy and most effective. Smaller sizes of these pumps are 
made for farms, kitchens and stables. Messrs. Hiner &. Co. 
make large quantities of these pumps, sending them throughout 
all the Northwest, even to the Territories. They are used on 
many railroads, and are undoubtedly all that is claimed for 
them. 

They also make the manufacture of Perkins' Saw Gummer 
a specialty, and they are agents for Judson's well-known gover- 
nors and valves. 

Mill irons and gearing of every description are turned out 
\\ith neatness and despatch. 

We saw one of their gang-saws in operation. A huge pine 
log, with slabs sawed off so that it was square, was rolled in 
front of a series of long, thin saws, rapidly moving up and 
down. In about the time consumed in writing this, some twenty- 
level, straight boards came out. We could hardly help think- 
ing that, by and by, they will so perfect machinery that, putting 
logs in at one end of a mill, a house will come out at the other. 
The Union Works have patterns for all kinds of wheels, and 
can manufacture a variety of engines. Their facilities for re- 
pairing are perfect, and all under the direction of Mr. White, a 
most thorough mechanic. 

Persons passing through Fond du Lac should not omit visit- 
ing this home of the steam engine. They will find a fine sample 
of the unparalleled vigor of the West amid the clanking ham- 
mers and flying wheels of this extensive foundry, pouring out 
its molten streams of iron, curling up its dark volumes of smoke, 
and alive with crowds of workmen, where the echoes of the red 
man's lodges and the forest song have but just died away. 



Biography. 109 

The members of this enterprising firm are both men of great 
practical ability and experience, and are worthy of the eminent 
success that has thus far crowned their honest efforts. The 
principal partner of the company, Hon. W. H. Hiner, is at pre- 
sent a leading and influential member of our State Senate, has 
served the city as Mayor, and has held other important offices. 

Mr. Hiner is no ordinary man. In his intercourse with the 
world, he is honorable and upright; as a neighbor, he is accom- 
modating and obliging; as a citizen he is ready to advocate any 
measure calculated to promote the general welfare of the people, 
and oppose all attempts at corruption and public fraud. 



WILLIAM HUNT, ARTIST, 

was born at Brighton, Sussex, England, in the year 1825. At 
the age of sixteen he was sent to London, and placed under the 
instruction of Richard Hill, an artist and gentleman of high 
standing in that city, for five years, during which time, having 
the good fortune to be acquainted with one of the. greatest of 
England's Historical Painters, Mr. Hilton, Royal Academiti- 
cian, who had presented him with the academy ticket, which en- 
titled him to a free admission to all the lectures at the Royal 
Academy, which to him was of the greatest service, as afford- 
ing him an opportunity of drawing from good specimens, as well 
as from the life, and all the advantages within its walls. Hav- 
ing become master of the pencil, he went back to his native 
town, where he practised his profession with great success as 
a Portrait Painter, having the honor of painting many of the 
nobility and gentry then visit ng that beautiful Avatering place, 
among whom are the followino; : 

O (HO 

Thomas, Earl of Macclesfield. 

The EaH of Cardigan. 

Lord Blaney. 

Lord Lake. 

Lord Burgos. . 

Dowager Lady Musgrave. 

The Honorable A. Arthur Cole. 

General Sir Arthur Clifton, K. C. B. 



110 BlOCRAPHY. 

Rowland Uni, Postmaster General. 

Lieutenant Waghorn, the projector of the Suez Canal. 

Alderman Johnson, of the City of London. 

Captain Fletcher of the Life Guards, London, &c. 

Having, during his practice at Brighton, painted a great 
many groups ot children and others, who resided in the East 
Lidies, the artist concluded to visit that country professionally, 
stopping at the Cape of Good Hope on his way, and having en- 
joyed a pleasant and profitable trip he returned to England, 
Avell pleased with the Eastern world, arriving in the Downs, 
off Dover, December 24, 1846, in one of Green's East Lidia 
ships — the Tartar, after an unusual passage of ten weeks from 
the Cape. He arrived in London well laden with tiger and 
panther skins, besides ostrich feathers and highly polished bul- 
locks' horns, for which the Cape colony has been long celebrat- 
ed. Having spent some time in London, after his return, he 
was, like Tom Pinch, spoken of by Charles Dickens, he cried 
for more, tha"- is — traveling. So he thought of America, to 
which country he steered his course in September, 1848, and 
landed in New York. Having spent some time in New York 
and travelling east and south, he now finds himself in the North- 
west, with Avhich he is well pleased. He arrived in Milwaukee 
on the 1st of January, 1871, where he has met with the most 
distinf^uished patronage; so much so as to induce him to make it 
his future residence. xVinong the first orders Mr. Hunt receiv- 
ed, as an artist, was a special one from the Right Reverend 
William E. Armitage, the present Episcopal Bishop of the 
Diocese of Wisconsin, to paint a life-size portrait, full length, 
of the late venerable jlnd universally beloved Bishop— Jackson 
Kemper. This portrait was painted for the purpose of gracing 
the walls of Kemper Hall, Kenosha, \Vh. This piocure is a 
masterpiece of art, portraying, in true and vivid coloring, the 
venerable fact-, on Avhich were marked unmistakeable evidences 
of the many good qualities of heart tluit distinguished the life 
of the lon^-to-be-remembered Bishop Kempe]'. In all ages and 
in all civilized countries, the fine arts have invariably received 
the attention and consideration to which ihey are entitled. 
What can convey to the mind more pleasure than to look at a- 



Biography. HI 

friend or relative long after he had been reduced to dust and 
ashes. It is not natural to cut away the ties of love and 
friendship the moment after our friend or relative has been 
covered in his grave. Natural instinct forbids it. The great 
look with pleasure at a well painted landscape, representing 
the stately mansions, high walled gardens, and well shaded 
walks of their ancestors. The lower classes, too, view Avith 
equal pleasure a landscape containing the likeness of the 
humble cottage and ill fenced little garden with which they 
were familiar in by-gone days. Hence it is evident that, in 
a new country especially, a first class portrait painter is a 
treasure. The testimony borne to Mr. Hunt's character as 
an artist, by many of the first among the nobility and gen- 
try of England, is a sufficient guarantee that he is a perfect 
master of his art. In this connection it may not be irrele- 
vant to state that the biographer is familiar with the names 
of most of the distinguished persons on Mr. Hunt's list of 
patrons, and was once personally acquainted with many of 
them. 

Mr. W. Hunt has been presented with the Silver Medal and 
a sum of money, as the first Premium for the first best Portrait 
in Oil, at the Milwaukee State Fair just ended. 



REV. SAMUEL WILDE COGGESHALL, D. D. 

Moses, certainly, was no Darwinian. He never subscribed 
to the absurd creed, Avhich may be thus succinctly expressed : 
" Millions of ii^^es, mice grew into rats ; 

Millions of ages, si-als frie;l down to sprats : 
All 1 black bears, dil>l)liug in the sea, ior play, 
L ipseil into whales, ami grandly sw^ln"l away.'' 

It was left for a much later generation than his to accept of 
such sublime nonsense as a scientific creed. Most, certainly, 
this first of prophets, historians, legislators, poets and emanci- 
pators, did not believe that he was descended from a monkey, 
baboon, ourang-oatang, or even a gorilla; for the book of Gene- 
si>! is simply a history of his illustrious ancestry, in which he 



112 Biography. 

traces his pedigree up to Adam, through the line of Enoch and 
Seth. It is simply a family history. But in what a sad pre- 
dicament the world would be, without this family of history, a 
man, born a slave, and doomed to destruction, from which he 
was only rescued by an extraordinary Providence — that good 
Providence which always attends man, destined to confer great 
benefits upon the race. The very best form into which history 
could be put, would be the form in which Moses has put his five 
books — the form of family history. This is the best way in 
which to tell the world's story. The worlds history is but t\\2 
aoro-reo:ation of the history of individuals and of families. Its 
necessary voluminousness is the only objection to it. 

These remarks are preliminary to the statement of the fact, 
that Dr. Coggeshall is descended from John Coggeshall, who, 
with his wife and three children came to Boston in the ship 
Lyon, Capt. William Pierce, Sept. 16th, 1632. This famous 
old Puritan ship was one of the fleet of 1630, and subsequently 
brought Roger Williams, and the family of Gov. Winthrop, 
and now, on this, her last voyage, she brought this ancestor of 
the Coggeshall family, into the United States, and also others 
who subsequently became famous in the history of the colonies. 

John Coggeshall was descended from Sir Thomas de Cog- 
geshall, who lived about the latter part of the reign of King 
Stephen, grandson of the Conqueror, 1154. He derives his 
patronymic from the time of Coggeshall, on the Blackwater, 
county Essex, built by King Stephen, 1142, near which was 
Cobham Hall, the family seat. Members of the family fought 
with Richard Coeur de Lion, with Saladin and his Sarascenic 
hosts on the plains of Palestine, as is attested by the armorial 
bearings of the family; also in the wars of the Roses, ij finally 
ended at the battle of Bosworth and the final accession of Henry 
VII., 1485, as also in the wars of the Scottish borders, under 
the Plantagenets and Tudors, and which finally terminated 
with the accession of James VI. of Scothind, as James I. of 
England, 1603. The same martial spirit of the family broke 
out in our war of the Revolution, and also in the late war of 
the Rebellion. 



Biography. 113 

John Co2;2;eshall was a member and deacon of the first church 
in Boston, under Colton and Wilson, on the records of which 
his name may be still seen; he was a member of the first board 
of selectmen of Boston; he headed the list of deputies of the 
first General Court, that of May 14, 1634; he was a friend 
and confidant of Sir Harry Vane; was associated with Win- 
throp and others in the government, till the famous General 
Court of November 2, 1637, which met at Cambridge — Bos- 
ton was too hot a place for it — being of the Hutchinson party, 
which was then defeated, he, with many other leading men of 
the colony, was deposed from office, and then disarmed and 
disfranchised; and finally, Caddington himself, and sixteen 
other prominent and influential men, purchased Aquedneck, 
now Rhode Island, of the Narragansett Sachems, and removed 
thither in March, 1638, and founded the city of Newport, pre- 
sently the richest in all the colonies; and, in connection with 
Roger Williams, who Avas in Providence two years before, they 
established religious freedom on this continent, now its ruling 
idea, and soon to be that of the civilized world. He was 
elected first President of the Colony, under the charter of 
1644, and died in office Nov. 27, 1647, and was buried on his 
estate, on what is now Coggeshall Avenue, in the city of New- 
port, where a granite obelisk marks his resting place, while 
many of his descendents lie around him. He is frequently 
mentioned in all the colonial records and histories of his time, 
in the two colonizes which he assisted in forming His decend- 
ants are numerous, especially in Rhode Island, and vet in 
repute. 

The subject of this sketch was born in Lynn, Mass., Feb. 
18, 1811. His mother was Rebecca Bullfinch of Boston, a 
name long ?nd well known in the New England metropolis, and 
where a street perpetuates the family name. 

He was born and educated a Methodist, to which communion, 
then everywhere spoken against, his mother belonged. At the 
session of the New England Annual Conference, which met in 
the city of Providence, Juno 7, 1832, he was admitted a pro- 
bationer, being recommended from the Bumfield Street Church, 
Boston, of which he was a member. Of the eleven men then 
8 



114 BlOCRAPHY. 

admitted, he is the only efficient man left, after a service 
of forty years. Ilis first appointment ■was on the old Need- 
ham Circuit, Avith that holy man, the Rev. Abraham D. Mer- 
rill, who also still survives. 

At the division of the Conference, in 1840, he was put into 
the southern portion of it, and which from its chief city, was 
called Providence. It embraces the territory stretching 
along the southern shore of New England, from the end of 
Cape Cod to the Connecticut River. As he has occupied sta- 
tions in all this territory, from Provincetown to the Banks of 
the Connecticut, so his footprints may be traced through all this 
territory. He was a member of the General Conference, which 
met in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1856. In 1863, upon the re- 
commendation of the Bench of Bishops and of some distin- 
guished friends in New York, unknown to, and unsolicited by 
him, he was made a Doctor of Divinity by the Wesleyan Uni- 
versity at Deleware, Ohio. The recommendation which brought 
it, as it came from a higher source, he esteems even of more 
value than the learned title itself. 

The Doctor is a respectable preacher; but being over fond 
of books and a most voracious reader, perhaps he has not de- 
voted that amount of time and labor to pulpit preparation, 
which he ought and might have done. But when a special sub- 
ject and a special occasion, with an intelligent and appreciative 
audience calls him out, he treats his subject so broadly, com- 
prehensively and exhaustively, as sometimes "to hold his audi- 
ence for an hour and an hour and a half without lack of inte- 
rest, and to make a life-long impression. His discourses, usu- 
ally suggested by his text, are not soon forgotten. 

He is also a good platform speaker and able debater. His 
vast and varied reading, his intimate acquaintance with both 
books and men, his long and accurate observation, his experi- 
ence of forty yeers in ■ the itinerancy, with a great poAver of 
anal^'sis and a most retentive and unfailing memory; furnishes 
him with an amount of fact and illustration, which enables him 
to pursue his subject in all its ramifications, and to leave but 
little for an opponent to say. To this add an unfailing and in- 
vincible courage which dares to utter all its convictions, and you 



Biography. 115 

have some idea of the man. At the Conference, which met in 
NeAV Bedford, in 1860, he spoke for two and a half hours on 
the slavery question, and held his vast audience to the last. 

But, though a respectable preacher, his great forte is his 
comprehensive knowledge of history. His library, perhaps, 
contains the largest number of valuable works upon this sub- 
ject of any private collection in the State; and he knows what 
they contain. He will sit for hours, and pour out a continued 
stream of facts and events, with names and dates, and quota- 
tions from authors, without even rising to refer; his powerful 
memory serving as an index. 

But his specialty is Methodist history, in which, perhaps, he 
has but two equals in all the land, viz.: Drs. Stevens and 
Wakeley of New York ; and he precedes them in the time of 
his investigations. When he commenced his researches on this 
subject, there were not ten respectable sources of information 
in the whole range of American Methodist literature. Now 
this class of Avorks constitutes a respectable library, and increas- 
ing; and, yet, he has never published a book on his favorite 
theme. But his historical articles, published in Zion's Herald 
of Boston, in the Christian Advocate and Journal and the 
Methodist of New York, in the Ladies' Repository in Cincin- 
nati, and especially in the Methodist Quarterly Review, would 
fill volumes. One of the latter, in the number for October, 
18-55, Avas republished in London. 

The Doctor is now sixty-one years of age, with hair and 
beard as white as the driven snow, while his countenance, redo- 
lent with robust health, has all the freshness of youth, and his 
step the firmness, elasticity and agility of a man of thirty. 

He has been in the State but two years, but has already 
made his mark. He has been stationed at Sheboygan, a small, 
poor and feeble charge, where he has freely spent time, labor 
and money, in what some have thought a most unpromising 
field; but which, under his culture, already begins to bud and 
blossom and to yield fruit. He is a most unselfish and un- 
w^orldly man, most fully believing in the second, as well as the 
first great commandment of the laAv, " Thou shalt love thy 
neighbor as thyself;" and to whom the injunction of the earnest 



IK) Biography. 

Baptist is to be literally reduced to practice, " He that hath 
two coats, let him <2;ive to him who hath none ; and he that 
hath meat let him do likewise." Like the Pentecostal con- 
verts, he never " says that ought of the things which he pos- 
sesses is his own," but every human brother comes in for a 
share. 

lie seems yet to promise many long years of valuable and 
efficient service. "May his shadow never be less, and may he 
live a thousand years." 

The reverend gentleman at the head of this sketc-h, deserves 
more than a passing notice. So interesting a person is not 
met every day in this western country, where the dollar is 
worshipped more than books of ancient lore or modern useful- 
ness; where it is considered that time is thrown away which 
is spent in reading the works of Socrates and Plato, the 
wisest philosophers of Greece; the elements of Euclid, which 
teach us to reason accurately; the works of Newton, who dis- 
covered the laws of attraction and gravity, and invented the 
science of fluxions, which enabled him to advance a step in the 
rio-ht direction in the investiojation of the mechanism of the 
heavens; and which, by a further improvement in the calcu- 
lations, enables us to establish the stability of the universe ; 
and the Avorks of a thousand others, any one of whom has 
done more to promote the welfare of a nation and improve 
the condition of the human family than could be effected by 
all the busy speculators (smart men) of America in a century. 
The biographer has met with no one in this country who has 
a more intimate and extensive knowledge of the ancient and 
modern history of Europe than Doctor Coggeshall. The Doc- 
tor is also acquainted with heraldry, and has one of his rooms 
adorned with a number of shields, similar to those formerly 
worn in battle to protect the body. The coats of arms of dis- 
tinguished families were generally painted on the shield or 
escutcheon. 



lOGRAPHY. 117 



CHARLES H. BENTON, 

The subject ol* this sketch, is the fifth son of Daniel S. Benton, 
and was born in New York city, Dec. 31st, 1840. Financial 
reverses soon after overtakin«r his father, Avho was entailed in 
mercantile pursuits in New York, he made up his mind to "go 
West," and accordingly moved to Wisconsin, with his fjxmily, 
in 1843, and settled near Geneva, Walworth County. This 
was in advance of railroads, and the entire journey was per- 
formed with horses and wagon, consuming nearly three months 
in making the trip. Here Charles lived until fourteen years of 
age, attending school most of the time, whence he came to Fond 
du Lac, and lived Avith an elder brother. Soon after coming 
here, he entered the old "Fountain City Herald" office to learn 
the printing trade. At this trade he worked at such times as 
could be found before and after school hours, sufficient to 
keep himself at school almost continuously up to the time of the 
breaking out of the Rebellion in 1860. Leaving the school 
room, at the first call of his country "to arms," he was the 
first man to enlist in Co. K, 1st Regiment Wisconsin Infantry 
Volunteers, as a private soldier. He successively rose from 
private, corporal, sergeant, quartermaster-sergeant, 2d lieuten- 
ant, 1st lieutenant, regimental quartermaster and brigade 
quartermaster. During this period of service, he participated 
in the battles of Perryville or Chaplain Hill, Stone River, 
Chickamaugua, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Ken- 
nesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, and all the battles about 
Atlanta, which culminated in its capture. The time of the en- 
listment of his regiment (three years) being noAv completed, he 
returned home for the first time during his entire service. He 
soon thereafter purchased an interest in the Fond du Lac Com- 
monwealth^ and became one of its most active ::nd successful 
editors. After six months editorial duty, an excellent busi- 
ness engagement being offered at Chattanooga, Tenn., he ac- 
cepted. He remained here nearly three years, being engaged 
in the Storage and Commission business most of the time. Here 
he was quite successful in business and otherwise; for, during 



118 BlOCRAPHY. 

his residence in Chattanooga, he was married to one of Wiscon- 
sin's fail est daughters, Miss Frances E. Amory, of Fond du 
Lac. In the summer of 1869 he returned to Fond du Lac, and 
at once entered into active commercial life. He is now (1872) 
at the head of one of the largest Hardware houses in northern 
Wisconsin, and one jf the rising young men in his section of 
the State. 

Mr. Benton, although a self-made man, comes from one of 
the very best English families, who took up their residence in 
America in colonial times. An uncle. Rev. Joseph A. Benton, 
has been pastor of the First Congregational Church at Sacra- 
mento, California, for several years, and is now President of 
the Stare University of California. Another uncle, Hon. John 
Benton, has been member of the State Legislature of Califor- 
nia, and editor of one of the leading newspapers of the State. 
The past career ol the subject of our sketch is one of much in- 
terest, and his future one of great promise. His career is afair 
illustration of what intelligence, energy, pluck and perseverance 
can do for a young man in this young and growing common- 
wealth of Wisconsin. 



REV. A. C. BARRY, 1). D. 

The subject of this sketch Avas born in Walton, Delaware 
County, N. Y., July 1st, 1815. He was educated under the 
tutorship of his father, a professional teacher; completing a 
scientific course, however, in Dr. Elias Sedgwick's private 
seminary. In 1834 he commenced the study of theology, and 
was ordained a minister of the Universalist Church in 1836. 
From this year until 1846, he was pastor successively of parishes 
in Gaines, Homer, and Fort Plain, N. Y"., and in Richmond, 
Va. In the latter year he removed to Racine, in this State, 
and took charge of a new parish in that (then) beautiful village. 
Until a short time ago it seemed to be his destiny to remain 
its life-long pastor. Like the good Methodist lady, who said 
she had been " a member of the Methodist church off and on for 
twenty, years," so Dr. B. has been pastor of that parish for 
more than two decades. He is now located in the city of Fond 



Biography. Ill* 

du Lac, where lie is building up a new parish, and is also city 
Superintendent of Schools. 

No minister is more widely known in this State than Rev. 
Dr. Barry. For three years he held the office of Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, and always has shown himself the 
ardent friend of general education. During the war of the re- 
bellion he served as chaplain, first in the Fourth and afterwards 
in the Nineteenth Regiment Wis. Volunteers, and Avon for him- 
self a most excellent name in the army. 

Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, of Boston, speaks of Dr. B. as 
follows : 

"Mr. Barry has always enjoyed great popularity as a preacher 
and speaker. His manner is dignified and graceful, his voice 
full and musical, and his sentences flow rounded and complete, 
fi silver stream to the close. lie is very uniform in his pulpit 
efforts, though there are subjects and occasions which arouse 
him to the most impassioned eloquence, when he holds his au- 
dience opell-bound, as in a trance. 

"Mr. Barry is a man of versatile acquirements. He is well 
versed in the natural sciences, and enjoys the acquaintance of 
some of the most eminent naturalists of the country. He is, 
however, a man of no pretensions, and is as unsophisticated and 
simple hearted as a child. He is incapable of finesse or dupli- 
city, and is so honest and transparent himself that it would not 
be difficult to impose upon him. He possesses great purity of 
character — is too regardless of pecuniary considerations for his 
•own welfare; and is endowed Avith an amount of amiability that 
renders him incapable of harshness or severity, even Avhen it 
is called for. In person he is tall, exceedingly slender, and 
slightly moulded. The form of his face and head is somewhat 
Shakesperian, and his countenance is ordinarily grave and seri- 
ous. But the moment he gives you his hand, a smile of sur- 
passing sweetness baptises his face, Avhicli is then very pleasant 
to look upon. He is a man of few words, except among friends, 
and by these he is loved most fervently. Mr. Barry's health, 
of late years, has been quite infirm. He, with his Avife, Avas 
among the victims of the National Hotel poisoning, in Wash- 
ington, some years ago. And as he is past fifty years of age, 



120 Biography. 

worn down Avitli labor, there is no probability that the Doctor 
will wholly recuperate from the terrible sickness of that myste- 
rious occasion." 



HON. EPHRIAM C. GOFF, 

Was born in Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence County, Ncav York, 
9th Sept. 1825; removed to Canton, New York, in 1827, Avhere 
he resided till 1855. In 1849 he was appointed Postmaster at 
Canton, by General Taylor; removed to Appleton, Wisconsin, 
in 1855, where he was engaged in the mercantile business till 
1858; was elected member of the City Council in 1857, and was 
since elected Supervisor. From 1865 to 1869 he was acting 
as land agent for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Com- 
pany; has been and still is Real Estate Agent, and is OAvner of 
a large amount of lands in northern Wisconsin. He was elect- 
ed Mayor of the City of Appleton in April, 1872, and is now 
Vice-president and Director of First National Bank at Apple- 
ton. Mr. Goff makes a first rate mayor, and discharges the 
duti">s of bank director with si'eat credit. 



HON. PRENTISS ROUNDS. 

The subject of the following sketch Avas born in Bridgeton, 
Cumberland County, Maine, August 15th, 1827; received a 
common school education; is by occupation a grain dealer. He 
came to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled at Milton, Rock 
County; removed to Menasha in 1849: has been a member of 
the Village Board, and Village and Town Assessor six or eight 
years; was appointed by Governor Fairchild, under his last 
election, a member of the committee to visit the charitable and 
benevolent institutions of the State. Mr. Rounds was elected 
to the Assembly in 1869, and re-elected in 1870, receiving 997 
votes against 591 for J. L. Doton, Democrat. While Mr. 
Rounds was a member of the village board and village assessor, 
he proved himself to be a Avatchful guardian of the peoples' 
rights, and Avhilc in the legislative asscmbl}', he advocated every 
measure calculated to promote the welfare of the State, tnicl 
opposed every measure leading to corruption or evil doing. 



Biography. 121 

EDWARD II. JONES, OF FOND DU LAC, 

The subject of this sketch was born in the city of New York, 
April 14, 1828, and was the second son of the late Col. William 
Jones, for many years Colonel of the celebrated Seventh Regi- 
ment of that city, and also SheriiF from 1844 to 1847. Edward 
H. was educated in that city and at Saybrook, Conn., his 
father's native place. He was for one year a law student with 
David Graham, Junr., of New York, the well known criminal 
lawyer, and author of Graham's Practice. Disliking law 
studies, he became a clerk in a large shipping house on South 
street, where he remained four years, when he removed to Mil- 
waukee in July, 1848, in company with Edwin D. Baker, with 
whom, as clerk and partner, he remained until April, 1853, 
when he removed to Delafield, Waukesha County, and pur- 
chased the business formerly owned by Andrew Proudfit, now 
of Madison. He was married in that year to Miss Emily L. 
Baker, of Fond du Lac, a sister of Robert A. Baker, the 
Banker of that city. In January, 1855, he removed to Fond 
du Lac, and purchased the business of the late firm of Baker &- 
Brother, grocers and general dealers, where he has since resid- 
ed, and is still engaged in the business, but on a more extended 
scale. In 1856 he was joined by his brother, George W. Jones, 
of New York City, and in 1865 by another brother, Frederick 
A., of Monmouth County, New Jersey; and the business is now 
conducted under the name and style of E. H. Jones &. 
Brothers. 

They are extensively engaged in the seed and agricultural 
implement business, in addition to a large wholesale trade in 
teas, tobacco, butter, cheese and produce with towns on Lake 
Superior and the shores of Green Bay, and also in the states 
and territories Avest, as far as Colorada and Utah; and, in 1863, 
this firm commenced the publication of the Northern Farmer, 
an agricultural paper, as an outgrowth of their seed and imple- 
ment trade, and continued its publication five years, principally 
under the editorial management of Edward H. The paper was 
afterwards disposed oflF, and was subsequently merged into the 
Western Farmer, of Madison. 



122 B I O t; R A P H V . 

In 1857 Edward II. Avas elected a uiember of the Vestry of 
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and has been re-elected annually 
up to the present time. In 1871 he was elected Junior War- 
den, and re-elected this year, 1872, 

In politics he is a staunch Republican, and attended, as dele- 
gate, the first convention of that party held in this State, in 
1851, at Hartland in Waukesha County; but he is not a politi- 
cian, and never sought an office or held one, except that of Al- 
derman in 18"*>. 

GEORGE II. MYERS, APPLETON, WIS., 

Was born in Middletown, Delaware County, New York, Octo- 
ber 24th, 1824. Removed to Erie County, Pennsylvania, 
with his father, in the fall of 1828, where he remained until the 
fall of 1849. Was raised on a farm, and educated at the Aca- 
demies at AVaterford and Erie, Erie County, Pa. Studied 
law Avith lion. John II. Galbearth, at Erie, Pennsylvania, and 
was admitted to the bar at that place, at the May term, 1841*. 
Settled in Appleton, Wisconsin, in October, 1849; and was the 
first lawyer that settled in the County. On the organization of 
the County, in 1852, was elected District Attorney, and 
held the office one term; was again elected District Attorney, 
and held the office one term. VYas elected County Judge in 
1861, and held the office until the Spring of 1865. Was then 
appointed Adjutant of 50th Wisconsin Volunteers, when he re- 
signed the office of County Judge, and entered the military ser- 
vice. Was appeiuted Postmaster of Appleton in 1869; re-ap- 
pointed in 1872, and still holds the office. 



HON. EDWARD N. POSTER. 

The subject of this sketch was born in the State of Massa- 
chusetts on the 9th day of July, 1810. At the age of one year 
he moved with his parents to Oneida County, State of New 
York, where he was engaged in various kinds of employments, 
such as farming, milling, lumbering, etc., till 1886, when, having 
been married, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the 



B I o a K A p H i . 1 2/< 

winter of 1836 and 37, he with his family settled at Fort Atkin- 
son, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, which was then under the le- 
gal jurisdiction of jMichigan. Wisconsin, however, w^as soon 
organized into a territory, under whose laws, Alvin Foster, the 
brother of Edward N. Foster, was appointed Sheriff and Ed- 
ward N. deputy sheriff, being the first appointments in the 
County of Jefferson. Subsequently the people got the right to 
elect officers to such places. At the first election, under the 
new organization, the subject of this sketch was elected Sheriff 
of the counties of Jefferson and Dodge, which were then joined 
for judicial purposes. Having lived in Jefferson County for a 
term of years, Mr. Foster moved to Mayville, Dodge County, 
where he engaged in the business of milling. While a resident 
at Mayville, he served two terms in the State Legislature, and 
discharged such other duties as were consigned to him. Not 
content with Mayville, he soon changed his residence and set- 
tled at Fond du Lac, where he now resides. Mayor Foster has 
been extensively engaged in manufacturing linseed and rape 
oil since he came to Fond du Lac, and has discharged all the 
duties required of him with credit to himself and benefit to the 
community. 

Mr. Foster is serving his second term as Mayor of the enter- 
prising city of Fond du Lac. 



FRANZ FRITZ 

Was born in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, in 1820; was educated in the 
same place; was the second eldest of twelve in the family; 
learned the trade of ropemaker, which was his father's trade. 
After he learned his trade, he got employed in his grandfather's 
oil manufactory. Having heard so much of American institu- 
tions and freedom, he resolved to quit his own country with 
whose institutions he was dissatisfied, and emigrated to Ame- 
rica in 1848, and settled at St. Louis, \vhere he obtained em- 
ployment immediately on his arrival, in a rope factory. Having 
worked in different factories in St. Louis for three years, he 
was appointed foreman in the extensive rope manufacturing de- 
partment of the State Prison at Alton, Illinois, under the gene- 



124 B I O C R A P H Y . 

ral manaf^ement of Hon. Samuel 11. Buckmaster. After a 
service of three years as foreman in the prison, he came to Fond 
(111 Lac, where he commenced the grocery and general produce 
business, -which he now carries on, wholesale and retail, on a 
large scale. The subject of this sketch commenced business in 
this city on a small scale, but by close attention, industrious 
habits and strict integrity he gradually built up a considerable 
trade, and is now considered wealthy, enjoying the confidence 
of all who deal with him. 



CAPTAIN SIMON O'KANE. 

He was born in the County Kerry, Ireland, in the year 1842. 
Immigrated to American in 1852, and settled in the State of 
Massachusetts; came west to Wisconsin in 1S(J1, where, at the 
breaking out of the war, he entered the ITtli Wisconsin Infantry, 
passing with Gen's Grant, Rosencrans and Sherman through all 
the principal battles of the southwest, including the siege and 
battles of Corinth in 18(52; the central Mississippi campaign in 
1862; the siege and battles of Vicksburgh in 1863; the siege 
and battles of Atlanta in 1864; Sherman's march to the sea in 
1864; the campaigns through the Carolinas in 1865, and fall of 
Richmond, ending with the grand review at Washington and 
close of the war, when he returned west, and engaged in mercan- 
tile pursuits in the city of Fond du Lac. 

Entered the service as a private .soldier; was promoted to 2d 
Lieutenant in 1803, and 1st Lieutenant and Captain in 1864. 
Capt. O'Kane is represented by those who had an opportu- 
)iity of knowing, as a good and gallant officer, and is now en- 
gaged in the liquor trade in the city of Fond du Lac. 



WILLIAM TROAVBRIDGE 

Was born lu the city of Worcester, Massachusetts, October 
16th, 1790. 

He worked on a farm, and in a flour and saw mill alternately, 
until sixteen years old, attending school at intervals in the 
summer and durinir the winter terms. 



Biography. 125 

At the age of sixteen he commenced to "woi-k at black- 
smithing and Avhitesmithing, at which trades he worked 
until he was of age, making scythes, hoes, clothiers' 
shears, and wool-carding machines. At this time he, in 
connection Avith his father, brother and brother-in-law, 
built a cotton factory in a village called Trowbridge - 
ville, and carried it on during and after the war of 1812. 
He removed to Tompkins County, N. Y., about 1830, and start- 
ed a Cutlery factory, and afcer remaining in this business six 
years, he removed to Sheboygan County, where he still re- 
sides upon a farm about two miles from the village of Sheboy- 
gan Falls. Deacon Trowbridge has for many years been a con- 
sistent and upright Christian — a member of the Baptist Church 
— and, probably, preached the first sermon listened to in She- 
boygan County. He has preached upward of 250 funeral ser- 
mons. He was County Commissioner and Justice of the Peace 
for several years, and is universally respected for the purity of 
his character as well as for his sound judgment. 



S. L. HART, MENASHA, WIS., 

Was born in Chenango County, N. Y., April, 1830. In 1834 
moved to Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In 1848 moved to Osh- 
kosh, and in November, of same year, to Menasha, where he 
carried on the Gunsmith business from 1853 to 1861. In 1861 
was mustered into the 10th Wisconsin Infantry as 2d Lieuten- 
ant, Company C. In June of 1862 was detailed as assistant 
U. S. signal officer, and attached to the 4th division, Gen. Wm. 
Nelson, commanding; was one of the first two officers in Buel's 
army to cross the Tennesee River at the battle of Pittsburgh 
Landing; was at the siege of Corinth, Miss., and with the divi- 
sion until the army reached Lousville in September, 1862; Avas 
discharged on account of physical disability. Returned to Me- 
nasha and engaged the next Spring, 1868, in manufacturing 
hub, spoke, stave and wood-working machinery generally. In 
June, 1863, raised a Company, and was mustered into Colonel 
Goodwin's 41st Wisconsin Infantry, as Captain. Served out 
the time and returned to Menasha; continued the machinery 



12G ' Bio(;raphy. 

business until 1867; moved to Chicago, carried on a shop for one 
and a half years, and returned to ^Nlenasha. Took first prem- 
ium on Guns, at Wisconsin State Fair; also, two first premiums 
on Machinery, at Mechanics' Fair in Chicago. Have shipped 
machinery to almost all of the middle, and some of the eastern 
and southern States, California and Canada; have taken out 
several patents. Now employ from sixteen to twenty men, 
and business constantly increasing. 

Have greatly improved almost all kinds of hub and spoke 
machinery, &.c. 



EXTRACT FROM THE "HISTORY OF MY TIME." 

It may appear, that some of these extracts are foreign to the 
subjects proposed to be treated in my present publication. 
But being unable to relate many incidents in the history of my 
own life without stating the facts which had led to them, I have 
been obliged to introduce what may appear irrelevant, in order 
to illustrate the brief sketches of my own life, introduced into 
my work from time to time. 

I am not aware that any family in Ireland ever had such un- 
limited influence or retained it so long, as the Marquis of Wat- 
erford's family and their connections. I knew the members of 
that Avhole family, and feel bound in duty to acknowledge, that 
I owe the memory of one of them, a well deserved tribute of 
praise, and that one is the late Rev, Cobb Beresford, the fath- 
er-in-law of the Marquis of Bath, the Earl of Erne, A Cole 
Hamilton, of Beltram Castle, a gentleman of large possessions,, 
and first cousin to the Marquis of Abercorn,* also, the father-in- 
law of the Rev. W. Alexander, son to a bishop of that name 
in Ireland. The Rev. ^Ir. Beresford diedafew years ago. He 
was a good man in every relation of life — a kind, affectionate 
husband and father — charitable to the poor of his neighbor- 
hood, without distinction of religious creed or political senti- 
ments — -always ready and willing to oblige a friend, and hospit- 
able beyond description. He lived in a secluded part of the 
county of Tyrone, distant from any town or neighborhood con- 

"Xow tlio I) like of Abori'oni, li;ivinc 'h'CH olovatoii to tlKit titlo siiic:^ T li'I't Ire'.-uul. 



Biography. 127 

taining persons of his exalted rank to associate ■with. 

Country roads traverse the district, but no public road or high- 
way passing by his residence, which, perchance, might bring 
persons of quality to pay casual visits, as they passed by. Cut 
away, as this gentleman's residence was, from any public 
thoroughfare, traveled by men of rank, one might imagine he 
had but a few visitors; but it was not so. His mansion, which 
was large and commodious, was always full of visitors, who 
fared sumptuously every day. Professional business brought 
me to this remote district. Edward Litton,* a gentle- 
man well known in Great Britian and Ireland, many years 
Master in Chancery, bought an estate containing several 
thousand acres of land from Sir John Stewart, to whose niece 
he was married. This estate was about four miles from the 
residence of Mr. Beresford's house. Mr. Litton employed me 
to give a general plan to improve this property, by thorough 
drainage, planting, and making new roads, and by practising 

*Thc Right Hoiiorublc Kdwai-il IJttoii died u (cw niontlis iigo, lull of j c-arc, and crowucd 
with unfadinyr laurels. He was a first-rate lawyer, and while practicing at the bar, had as 
large a business as anj in the Kingdom. He acquired a large fortune as a lawyer, with 
what he inherited, made him the richest man practicing law to be found anywhere. He pos- 
sessed great legal knowledge, was very eloquent, and generally allowed to be as perfect gen- 
tleman, in his manner, as any in the Kingdom. He was a privy counselor, and for many 
years master in Chancery. He was a member of Parliament in the English House of Com- 
mons, where he distinguished himself more by reason of his general knowledge of Ireland, 
and the wisdom of most of the measures he advocated for the improvement of that fine, but 
unfortunate country, than by his eloquence. He was a tory in politics, and always voted 
arainst Catholic emancipation, which course as a legislator, could not be accounted for by 
anyone acquainted with his conduct towards persons of that persuasion, with whom he 
r;\me in contact every day of his life in the way of business. This gentleman had scarcely 
a single tenant on his property or a single person in his employment but a Roman Catholic, 
and it is a well known fact that no one connected with him in any of the above relations ever 
went to the poor house. During the j-earsof famine in Ireland, he scarcely collected a shill- 
ing of rent, but on the contrary, contributed largely from his privatepurse to purchase food 
liir those who had no means to procure it themselves. 

Having taken the burden of his own people on himself, a bill w-as passed in the House of 
I'ommons, making every place in which he had a property an electoral division, by which he 
had not to contribute tothe support ot the poor living on surrounding properties belonging 
to others. This was but common justice. This was the only bill of the kind passed, for 
any landlord in England, Scotland or Ireland, which is a sufficient, proof of Mr. Litton's 
uoodness as a landlord. I published his letter to me on this subject in the Milwatikee J\'ews 
over twentj' years ago, when this bill was passed, relieving him from contributing to the 
support of the poor living on other gentlemen's estates. 

The following is a copy of a printed circular sent round to the tenants of Mr. Litton, 
whenever I went to Altmore : 
•' To my Tenants at Altmore, 

Mt Dear Tenants : — I have appointed John Gregory, Esq., the eminent Civil Engineer 
and Agriculturcst to instruct you to drain, fence and plant your farms in the best manner, 
and as you are a good tenantry, I shall do everything in my power to improve your condition 
and enable you'to raise and educate your families. For this purpose, I shall defray half ot 
the expense of all tlic improvements you make in the waj- of draining, fencing, and planting 
to the directions of Mr. Gregory. Mr. Daniel Shields will inspect the work, which must be 
done in ^uch a manner as to satisfy liim. I hope you will give the strictest attention to the 
instruction of Mr. Gregory, who will do every thing best calculated to improTe your farms 
and enable you to pay your rents, and have something to save for your lamilies. 
! remain. My DearTenants, your well wi.-<her, 

EDWARD LITTON." 



128 Biography. 

better modes of cultivation; also to make a Geological survey, 
with a view to discover limestone and copper, which it was 
supposed to contain. It was arranged that I should take up 
my quarters at the house of Mr. Daniel Shields,* the brother of 
General Shields, of the United States of America. The morn- 
ing after my arrival at Mr. Shields' house, he and I went out to 
view the property, and had not gone far before we met a gentle- 
man on horseback who welcomed me to that part of the country. 
This gentleman was the protestaut rector of the town and parish 
of Pomeroy. After a brief interview, we parted. He was on 
his way to pay a visit to the Rev. Mr. Beresford, a gentleman 
Avhom I had never seen; on his stating that he met me, Mr. 
Beresford despatched a carriage and pair, with a polite note, 
inviting me to dinner, of Avhich I accepted. On my arrival at 
Mr. Beresford's, I found the house full of company, all of high 
rank. In the course of the evening, the old gentleman request- 
ed of me to take up my quarters there while in the neighbor- 
hood, saying that a carriage was at my disposal to bring me to 
Mr. Litton' s estate after breakfast every morning, and back in 
the evening to dinner ; that a bed room was prepared for me, 
and that everything should be done to make me comfortable 
during my stay. He said that Col. Portlock, of the Royal En- 
gineers, took up his abode in the village of Pomeroy, while 
making a geological survey of this district, in connection with 
the ordinance survey of Ireland, though he invited him to take 
a bed in this house, which he, the Col. declined, assigning as a 
reason, that this place, Mr. Beresford's, was too far from the 
scene of his labors. The old gentleman, in angry tone, said. 
" it was a shame for Col. Portlock to put up at such a place, while 
this house was within a feAv miles of him." The bed-rooms in 
this mansion were numbered, as in a large hotel. Mine was 
number seven, which I occupied for years, whenever I visited 
that part of the country. Having gone to and from Mr. Beres- 
ford's for four or five days, he asked me to take his horse and 

*.Mr. SliieUls is a i-ds^iectalde l'a)'iiit'r, with a iiuod liousc and several buiuln'd acres of 
land. Ue was local assent of Mr. Litton, and niaiiai,'er of a bank established by liini lor the 
use of the district, especially lor the use of his own tenantry. I had tlie manairement of the 
jiroperty, as moral agent, iiiy duty being to point out the mode of draiiiiiia, ])lantinu' and 
cultivating according to the best niodes known in the country. 1 was instructed to value 
the lands at such rents as the tenants could pay without dilliculty. 



Biography. 129 

gig every morning after breakfast and drive to Mr. Shields and 
back every evening to dinner. This is a specimen of Irish 
hospitality, which would scarcely be credited out of that coun- 
try of genuine hospitality. 



EXTRACT FROM THE HISTORY OF MY TIME. 

"By your works I shall know you." This is a wise and true 
saying. " The tree is known by its fruit" is a sentence of simi- 
lar import, both signifying that we are to judge of men more 
by their acts than by what they profess or promise. A single 
good act is more convincing than many professions and pro- 
mises, as it carries the proof of the actor's goodness upon the 
very face of it, while professions and promises are doubtful, 
especially if coming from a person whose good deeds are not 
found upon record anywhere. The application of what is here 
premised tvill be seen by perusing the following hasty article; 
and to carry out my meaning, I may be permitted to add one 
or two other preliminary observations, namely, that a cluster of 
tall apple trees may start up in the wilderness, which, if left to 
nature, unassisted by skillful cultivation, will bear no fruit ex- 
cept sour and diminutive crabs, quite unfit for man accustomed 
to the usage of civilized society. This orchard in the wilder- 
ness, if put under the management of a skillful and careful 
gardener, would in time become ornamental and useful. This 
gardener would replace the old growth, which encumbered the 
ground by young saplings, which in time, by proper training, 
would bear fruit of large size and delicious flavor. We come 
into the world with our mind like a blank sheet of paper, with- 
out a single impression or a single idea. The all-powerful and 
infinitely wise Creator of the Universe, however, has endowed 
us with the senses of seeing, feeling, hearing, tasting and smel- 
ling, through the medium of which the mind receives its primary 
ideas, and in sometime the mind begins to arrange and com- 
pound these primary ideas, by which it forms secondary ideas. 
By this slow process the mind is acquiring knowledge. Human 
life, however, is not of sufficient duration to enable any indi- 
vidual, unassisted by others, to acquire much more knowledge 



130 Biography. 

than instinct teaches the brute as well as man. The red and 
dark untutored savage of the woods must go along the winding 
stream, and penetrate the entangled bush in quest of food to 
support existence, as well as the agile deer, the cunning fox, 
the unwieldy elephant, the prowling wolf, the untam cable hye- 
na, and the innumerable hosts of wild animals scattered through 
the length and breadth of the great continent of America and 
the sunny wilds of Africa. Many of the wildest and most un- 
tractable of these animals are subdued and tamed into submis- 
sion by instructive training, while very many of what are called 
irrational animals are made docile, biddable and useful to man 
by proper training. The red savage of America and the dusky 
negro of Africa can be civilized and taught useful knowledge, 
by whi(;h many of them may become good servants, good me- 
chanics, respectable merchants and useful members of society. 
What gave rise to the approbrious epithet, "the ignorant Irish, 
the illiterate Irish," long applied to the lower orders of the 
Irish people ? Nothing but the want of instruction, the absence 
of good free schools, and the carelessness and in many cases the 
inability of many to pay for the education of their children. In 
view of all this state of things, Doctor Whately, the Archbishop 
of Dublin,* whose name is known wherever the English langu- 
age is spoken, set himself to work with a view to remedy this 
great national evil. Being most influential with the govern- 
ment in matters connected with education, he petitioned for a 
grant to establish schools for the education of the children of 
all who sought to enter them, without distinction of creed, na- 
tionality or politics. Many others of influence co-operated with 



♦ Thanks be to the Archbishop of Dublin and to those liberal men who co-operated witjj 
him, for bavins procured for the youth of Ireland the blessing of education ; for being in- 
strumental in enablinir the youth of Ireland to wipe oft' the reproach of icrnorance, which so 
long hung over the land of their fathers, like a cloud intercepting the ray.« of the sun. Thankg 
bo to the youth of Ireland for having taken advantage of these blessings, by which they es- 
cape the old reproach ; by which they give in exchange darkness for light, and ignorance for 
knowledge. The Irish are remarkable for their aptitude in acquiring knowledge. Nature 
has been more propitious to them in this respect than to most other people. The rising gen- 
eration are better educated, and much smarter than the same class in England. Trinity Col- 
lege IS now(lS72) the most learned institution in the world. 

A law was passed a few years since, called the competitive law, empowering all who feci 
themselves qualified to compete for all, or most government offices that become vacant, and 
the Irish get the most of them if I am rightly informed. 



Biography. 131 

the Archbishop to promote so desirable an object. Having ob- 
tained the grant, or a promise of it, commissioners, to form a 
Tsoard of education were appointed. In forming this board, due 
care was properly taken to have the principal religious denomi- 
nations in the Kingdom represented. In pursuance of 
the terms agreed upon, the following persons were selected, 
namely : the Duke of Leinster, Dr. Whately, the Protestant 
Archbishop of Dublin; Doctor Murray, the Roman Catholic 
Archbishop of Dublin; Doctor Sadler, Provost of Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin; and Doctor Carlisle, Rector of one of the Presby- 
terian Churches of Dublin; Robert Home, Esq., Barrister-at- 
law, Thomas Kelly, Esq.,* Seneschal of St. Thomas Court, 
was appointed Secretary, and Thomas Robertson, Esq., Scho- 
lar of Trinity College,! Clerk of the Board. The Duke of Lein- 
ster, Dr. Whately and Dr. Sadler, represented the Protestant 
denominations ; Dr. Murray the Roman Catholic denomina- 
tion ; Dr. Carlisle, the Presbyterian denomination, and Robert 
Home, the Unitarian denomination. The Quakers and Bap- 
tists ought to be represented. It may be seen that this board 
was composed of some of the most eminent persons in the king- 
dom as regards rank and learning. Thomas Wise, of Water- 
ford, Member of Parliament, and a Roman Catholic, married to 
the sister of Napoleon the First of France, was instructed to 
travel through the continent of Europe, in order to select the 
best and most unobjectionable system, that it may be adopted 
in the Irish National Schools. On his return, Mr. Wise re- 
commended the Prussian system. The board of education hav- 
ing agreed upon a plan, purchased the residence of the Marquis 
of Waterford, in Marlborough street, a princely mansion, with 



* Thomas Kelly filled many places of honor and trust in Ireland. lie was Seneschal and 
Police Justice for some time, and Judge for many years, which last office he resigned some 
few years ago, if I am rightly informed. In my time he was Secretary to the Board of Edu- 
cation. He discharged the duties of all these liigh positions with great ability and satisfac- 
tion to the public. Ue is brother to the Rev. Dr. Kelly, formerly one of the preachers of Ml 
Saint's Church, Milwaukee. 

t Thomas Robertson was a distinguished scholar of Trinity College, Dublin; filled a situa- 
tion in the National Bank of Ireland; was Clerk to the Board of Education in my time, and 
learned Civil Engineering in my establishment. When he was about commencing practice 
as a civil engineer, he was appointed to take charge of the Normal School in Toronto, Canad ^ 
West, a position for which he was highly qualified. 



132 Biography. 

large concerns and a fine park, surrounded by a wall, for a 
model school to educate and train teachers, which had been 
previously purchased for the Dublin Academical Institution, of 
which I was president; but the purchase money not having been 
paid, the institution was opened in another part of the city, and 
the concerns in Marlborough street remained vacant for some 
time. Every religious denomination was represented in the 
board, in order to guard against the possibility of anything bor- 
dering on proselytism, or give cause of complaint as regarded 
religion. In order to satisfy the Catholic party, no Bible was 
to be read in the schools, or religious doctrine taught. But it 
was stipulated and agreed upon that a room should be set apart 
in every school, into which the children of every persuasion, 
above mentioned, may go on a particular day of the week to be 
instructed by a clergyman of their own creed. It was a so stip- 
ulated that the text books, used in all the schools, should be 
first inspected by the members of the board before their adop- 
tion as text books. The next duty the board had to discharge^ 
was to employ some competent person to write text books, and 
all the members of the board were unanimous in employing 
me. They sent for me, but I could not be found. They wrote 
to Cork, Limerick, Belfast, and to other places where they 
thought I might be, but failed in finding any clue to my where- 
abouts. Every summer I was in the habit of going for a short 
time, with a part of my family, to some distant place to enjoy 
the fresh air. This time I went to Wales, where I employed 
my time in writing my astronomy, and a short article for Bent- 
ley's Miscellany, a London jieriodical. In a short time I re- 
turned to Dublin, and one of the first persons I met was Dr. 
Sadler, the Provost, who exclaimed, " ! where have you 
been; we have written for you to different places, but could find 
no trace of you. All the members of the board of education 
were anxious to employ you to write text books for the national 
schools, but as you could not be found, Dr. Thompson,* Pro- 



♦ Doctor Thompson was for many years Professor of Mathematics, in the Belfast Institu- 
tion, which always bore a hifjli character. On his departure fiom this institution to fill the 
Mathematical Chair of the Glasgow College, the people of Belfast gave him a banquet to 
which 1 was invited from Dublin, and in the evening, or in the evening of a day on whicti 



Biography. 133 

fessor of Mathematics in the Grlasgow College, was instructed 
to write our books, and he is now in press for us. Go -at once 
and announce your arrival to the Archbishop, who first propos- 
ed your name to the board as the most competent person to 
write our books for the national schools. I went to the Arch- 
bishop, who advised me to go without delay to Dr. Murray, and 
tell him it was his wish that Dr. Carlisle should write at once 
to Dr. Thompson, and instruct him to cancel all he had written, 
and send in his bill for all he had done. I went to Archbishop 
Murray, to whom I delivered Dr. Whately's message. Dr. 
Murray lost no time in asking me to go to Dr. Carlisle and do 
as above stated, that is, to order Professor Thompson to de- 
stroy all he had done for the board and send his bill for pay- 
ment. I begged of Archbishop Murray to excuse me, as Pro- 
fessor Thompson and myself were old friends, and always on 
the best terms; and, therefore, that I would not like to 
be the bearer of a message to supplant him and fill 
his place. I went away and left the matter with the board 
to do as they thought proper. The result was that in ten days 
I was instructed to go to press for the board. I feel it a duty 
I owe to Dr. Thompson, to state, that he was a mathematician 
of a high order, and that his works on Arithmetic and Trigo" 
nometry, long before the public, bear ample testimony to his 
intimate knowledge of the subjects. "With regard to compen- 
sation to myself for writing, no particular sum was proposed or 
promised ; it is, however, right for me to mention, that I was 
paid ten guineas a sheet — a sum, far more than I expected, be- 
ing the largest sum paid to any one in Europe, and only to one 
more, that is, to Lockart, Sir Walter Scott's son-in-law. 

Short as the time is since the National Schools have been 
•opened, visible signs of improvement are to be seen in the youth 



a banquet had been given belore to the femous historical character, Hamilton Rowan, to 
^hich I was also invited from Dublin. The Doctor read a paper, showing that hereditary talent 
was never known to exist in any family, except three, theBernulys of France, the Cassinis 
■of Italy, and the Gregories of Scotland. It was well known he read the paper in complimeut 
:to me, who was last, and I would say least on his list. As I write this note from memory, 
which is wretchedly bad as regards particulars, but very tolerable as regards circumstances, 
I do not remember with any degree of certainty the day, but am positive as to the circum- 
stance. 



134 Biography. 

of Ireland, who, under competent teachers, trained in the nor- 
mal school, will gradually supplant the old and illiterate, and 
will in time become an ornament, and bear fruit of good size 
and delicious flavor. God sows the seed in almost every soil, 
but it is only under the careful culture of a skillful gardener 
that the crop comes to maturity and perfection. Without his 
aid, it may remain hidden under the surface, unable to exercise 
its natural functions, like the statue in the block of marble, 
which remains unseen till brought out by the skillful artist. 
The red Indian and dusky Negro have long traversed the dark 
and trackless forest, and open, treeless prairie in quest of food^ 
uncovered by iv ;Iiid, except a ragged pieoe of un- 

tanned skin, torn Irom the liteless carcass of an incautious, 
wild animal which had fallen a prey to the natural wants of the 
untutored savage, among whose tribes may be many Newtons,. 
Rosses, Watts, Moores, Scotts, Websters, Currans, Grattons 
and Burkes, and an innumerable host of others, '.vho, if put 
under the care of a proper teacher, conducting a scinu 1 i>f con- 
tending aspirants, may become useful members of socuty. If 
the dark cloud of ignorance, which so long hung over Ireland^ 
had been banished centuries ago by the warm, genial light of 
knowledge, how many stars of the first magnitude, such as 
O'Connell, Shiel, Curran, Grattan, Plunket, Ponsonby, Bush, 
and ten thousand others jv'ould now be seen in that part of the 
concave firmament over the Green Isle, which is blessed in its 
lofty mountains, clothed to their summits by unfading verdure; 
blessed in its lovely valleys, "where bright waters meet;" bless- 
ed in its green fields flowing with milk and honey ; blessed in 
its stately trees kept apart, here and there, by the many out- 
stretched, strong arras attached to, and surrounding the monarch 
of the forest ; blessed in its crystal streams, alive with fish of 
delicious flavor; blessed in its lovely lakes, surrounded by slop- 
ing hills covered with shrubs of native color throughout the 
year ; blessed in its soil, rich to fatness ; blessed in its climate 
of mild temperature, in which no poisonous reptile can live ; 
and blessed in its lovely women of far famed virtue and crys- 
tal purity ; but cursed in its eternal quarrels, and hatred of its 
people of one another, by reason of a difference of creeds and 



BlOGKAPHV. 135 

nationalities* all serving the same God, who emphatically com- 
mands them to love one another. 

To the foregoing extract from the history of my time, I take 
leave to add the following extract, which will be an additional 
proof of the Archbishop's goodness. It became generally 
known in Ireland, that I had suffered very heavy losses a short 
time before, Avhich I could not bear. The report reached 
the Archbishop of Dublin, who, in the course of a short time, sent 
for my friend, Owen Blayney Cole, Esq., a gentleman of for- 
tune, both in England and Ireland, and to whom I dedicated 
one of the volumes of my course of Engineering. f The Arch- 

* These qu.irrels and hatred of one another were contined to the uneducated and lower 
orders of the contending parties, who were sure to fight on certain aniversary days to cele- 
brate some event marked by bloodshed, perhaps, some centuries before. The educated 
and better classes of both parties never indulged or took part in such foolish exhibitions. I 
scarcely ever met i Protestant gentleman who would acknowledge to be an Orangeman ; nor 
did I ever hear of a Roman Catholic gentleman to exhibit himself in a battle fought on any 
of these aniversaries, which ought to be expunged from the calender and from the pages of 
Irish history. The aniversary of the battle of the Boyne, the surrender of Londonderry, 
the inhuman massacre on Wexford Bridge, the burning of Schalahoge barn, and all other 
atrocious events of the kind should be wiped from the pages of Irish hiS^ry . I was iu great 
hope that the knowledge difi'used among the lower and middling classes of the Irish, by 
means of the National schools established throughout the kingdom, would show them the 
folly and disgrace of these anniversary feuds. But the battles fought this present year in 
that country prove that I was sadly mistaken. I am sorry from late reports received from 
that country, that the national system of education is meeting with eonsiderable opposition. 
Before concluding this note, I would say, that the American people of all nationalities are 
deeply indebted to the old settlers oj the New England States for having laid the foundation 
of the Common School System, now in operation throughout the States, which forms the 
primary element of the future hopes and permanent prosperity of the country. I find that 
the Common School System is meeting with some opposition in this country too, but the 
common sense of the people of all nationalities will not allow any change to be made in the 
system, calculated to lessen its usefulness. The Superintendent of Public Instruction of this 
State will guard the system, and protect it from any attempt to make any change that would 
be likely to diminish its usefulness. The brilliant talent of General Fallows, his knowledge 
and close attention to the discharge of the duties of his situation, are a sure guarantee that 
the education of the youth of Wisconsin is in safe hands. The General is a good man in every 
sense of the word— such a man is a blessing to any State, and therefore ought to be fully ap- 
preciated. Nature stores up a great deal connected with matter and mind, which lies hidden 
or in a latent state, till brought out b> suitable agents, or the application of some power. 
Latent, heat, light, electricity, etc., are brought into action by friction, the application of ex- 
ternal heat, etc. The powerof the mind is brought out by teaching. Without the assistance 
of the teacher, knowledge would not be brought out or diiluscd ; without schools, knowledge 
could not be universally spread among the multitude ; and knowledge being the surest found- 
ation of order, civilization, and national prosperity and greatness ; it necessarily follows that 
the te;icher's services cannot be too highly appreciated. Let the teacher, therefore, 
be adequately rewarded for his services, which are arduous. No one deserves more from the 
public than a good teacher, and few are more inadequately paid, 
t Mr. Cole is brother-in-law to Lord Monck, late Governor General of Canada, who is mar- 



136 



I O G R A P H Y 



bishop said to my friend Mr. Cole, that he heard of my losses 
which he thought I could not bear, and that he wrote to Mr. 
Gladstone,* who was the person in England empowered to re- 
commend worthy authors entitled to pensions, he himself being 
empowered to do the same in Ireland, to co-operate with him, 
(the Archbishop) to obtain a pension for me ; and that both had 
agreed to get me X300 a year. Mr. Cole said that he thought 
I would not accept of it, as he observed no change in my mode 
of living ; that I had my carriages, horses, and livery servants 
as usual, and that no indications of feeling my losses was vis- 
ible in or about my establishment. The Archbishop, however, 
asked hiin to tell me what had been done, and Mr. Cole forthwith 
rode dfwn to the ( ullege and told me all that had passed between 
him and the Archbishop. 

Upon hearing the message sent to me by my friend and pat- 
ron, I requested of Mr, Cole to thank the Archbishop for me, 

ried to one of the daughters of the Earl of Rathdown, and Mr. Cole to the cl k-:- dauijhter, a 
lady of strong mind and good understanding, which qualities gained for her ladyship the es. 
tablished usage of naming Lady Fanny Cole in all and every thing pertaining to the domestic 
concerns of the family. Mr. Cole is first cousin to Capt. Cole, married to the Dowager Mar- 
chioness of Drougheda, the mother of the present Marquis. Mr. Cole is a well educated gen 
tleman possessing a good taste for poetry, as may be seen by several small poems published 
by him, not for sale, but for distribution among his friends. He is kind, generous and hos 
pi table beyond what his fortune, which was good, would warrant. He often made me liber 
al presents, some of which I returned to Lady Fanny, unknown to him, for the use of his 
son, as in the case of a valuable gold watch and chain. One time he went to France, he 
brought two large presents of choice wines, one for Jir Philip Cramptoii, the father of Sir 
John Crampton, the late minister from St. James to Washington, and the other for myself, a 
part of which I returned to Lady Fanny, requesting lier to keep it secret from Mr. Cole. 
When the volume of Engineering, dedicated to himself appeared, he bought forty -five copies 
to send to his friends. When I was coming to America, he sent a very valuable gun for me, 
to the house of a friend, which I sent back, also, for the use of Mr. Cole's son, when he be- 
came of age. He did not send the gun to my house, lest I should return it by the person 
who brought it. Lady Fanny was remarkable for hospitality. On every Saturday she gave 
a dinner party, to which, however, no one was invited except the immediate friends of the 
family, among whom were Lord Monck, her brother-in-law ; the Archbishop of Dublin, who 
seldom went, the Bishop of Ferns, when in Dublin, the Dean of the Chapel Royal; Col. 
I^ewis, first married to Lord Rosraore's daughter, and secondly to Mr. Cole's sister, and 
last and least ray humble self. On my son's marriage, Lady Fanny was among the most 
liberal of liis wife's friends in her bridal presents, which were valuable ana costly. Mr, 
Cole presented him with a dressing case furnished with a variety of articles, all of solid 
silver, wtth a suitable inscription. 



♦ Mr. Gladstone is cousin to Mr. Cole. I received two letters from him, long before he be- 
came Premier of England, one written by himself, and the other by his private secretary. 
Both letters were very polite and complimentary, and related to my works on Engineering* 
which he bought on their tirst appearance. 



Biography. 137 

and that I felt most grateful to his grace for his uniform kind- 
ness to me, but that 1 begged to decline to accept of anything, 
as my income from several sources was double what I could 
spend. It may be necessary for me to mention that I had heard 
of the Archbishop's intentions in regard to the pension to my- 
self, before he sent me the direct message on the subject through 
Mr. Cole, and that I Avas advised by a friend whom I consulted 
on the subject, not to accept of it for reasons not necessary to 
be stated here. 

If men are to be known by their works, Archbishop Whateley 
must be known far and near, and receive most favorable judg- 
ment. His long and useful life was devoted to acts of charity 
and usefulness. He was untiring in diffusing knowledge and 
promoting education. He was remarkable for befriending per- 
sons of talent, and young men of good promise. Having beard 
Dr. Dickenson, late Bishop of Meath, examining a class in Latin, 
he at once saw his talent and superior knowledge of that lan- 
guage; and he never lost sight of him till he procured him ordi- 
nation, and m a few years after made him Bishop of Meath, a 
position worth £8000 a year, with a palace to live in; which, 
however, he did not enjoy long, having died in one or two years 
after having been consecrated. The Archbishop met me in a 
few days after the death of the Bishop of Meath, and asked me 
to summon the managing committee of the Literary Teachers' 
Society of Dublin, in order to give the Bishop's widow a week- 
ly pension, to which she was entitled by reason of the Bishop's 
membership, and who was left unprovided for, the deceased 
Bishop having expended all his available income in furnishing 
his palace before his death. I did as the Archbishop directed^ 
and we gave her a handsome pension, and sent her eldest son to 
the Protestant Clergys' School and afterwards to Trinity Col- 
lege, where he was prepared for the Church. At one of the 
quarterly dinners of the society, I placed the Right Reverend 
Bishop at the foot of the table, as, in the absence of the Presi- 
dent, the King of Hanover, who never saw the Society, I had 
"^0 take his place at the head of the table, with the Archbishop 
on my right hand, and Dr. Sadler, Provost of Trinity College, 



138 Biography. 

on my left. When the King of Hanover lost his crown, he lost 
the empty honor of president of the society, which Avas confer- 
red on the Archbishop of Armagh, the Primate of all Ireland, 
whom I never saw in Dublin. I was so much away from Dub- 
lin on professional business, I resigned my position of vice- 
president, which I had not held long, knowing that I could not 
devote the necessary time to the proper discharge of its duties. 
In this conr-cction it is a duty I owe myself to state that I 
escaped censure from any religious or political party whi!^ en- 
gaged in the discharge of all the duties assigned to me. Not a 
single sentence I ever wrote for the Board_ of Education was 
altered, exce}>t in one case, in my work on Mensuration, where 
I proposed a question in which three persons met at a tavern, 
and called for a tankard of al""., etc., to which Dr. Carlisle ob- 
jected. I changed the question by writing: three persons met 
at a farm house and called for a tankard of milk, etc., which 
satisfied the Reverend Doctor ; Archbishops Whately and 
Murray made no objection. A rumor got abroad one time that 
the text books, used in Maynouth College, did not keep pace 
Avith the growing intelligence of the age, and especially with 
the improvements daily visible at the time. The books used in 
theology or peculiar creeds were not included in this rumor or 
found fault with. Soon after this time, the Rev. Dr. Crotty, 
for many years President ot a Roman Catholic College in Spain, 
was invited to take charge of Maynouth College, as president, 
of which he accepted. In the course of a considerable time, af- 
ter he had taken charge of the college, I was introduced to him, 
and the introduction led to frequent intercourse, which soon 
ripened to an interchange of hospitality, favored by the short 
distance of Maynouth from Dublin. When the Rev. Doctor 
and myself met, he would often propose me a question in logic, 
metaphysics, astronomy and other kindred sciences, which he 
was pleased to say I solved more to his satisfaction than any 
person he had met. I used often to dine with him, and after din- 
ner the conversation would turn on education, in which all the 
professors took part. The president never lost an opportunity 
of saying to the professors, "If we do not get funds from the 



Biography. 139 

Government to employ that gentleman, pointing to me, to write 
text books for us before he dies, we shall never get the same 
opportunity again." Of course he did not say that I should 
write anything connected with religion, which topic was never 
introduced in my presence. 

The Catholic Bishops were in the habit of holding a confer- 
rence in Dublin once a year. I saw a notice in the papers that 
the Right Rev. Doctor Murphy, Bishop of Cork, was staying at 
the house of a friend of his in Capel street. I went to invite 
him to dinner, and the first thing he told me was that " all the 
bishops dined yesterday with Archbishop Murray, and that he, 
Dr. Murphy, was on the point of proposing my name as a toast, 
but that before he got time to do so. Dr. Doyle proposed my 
name, and before I had time to say something about you. Dr. 
Crotty was on his legs, and it was with great difficulty I could 
say a word about you, all seeming to know you as well as I do." 

Lord Kingston, the three Misses Neagle and Massey Dawson 
were joint owners of the Galtee Mountains, one of the largest, if 
not the very largest ridge of mountains in Ireland. They employ- 
ed me to make a geological survey of it, with the view to ascei'- 
tain whether or not it contained any minerals, which it was 
long believed it did. Lord Kingston had a shooting lodge, 
high up on the south side of the mountain, which he occupies 
in the shooting season. He gave me the use of this lodge 
while engaged in my geological survey. Massey Dawson, a 
gentlenran of large fortune, who represented the county of Lime- 
rick in Parliament at one time, lived in the Glen of Aharla, at 
the foot of the north side of the mountain, occupying a newly 
built mansion of large dimensions, but unshapely and smoky. I 
walked to Mr. Dawson's every Saturday evening, and ascend- 
ed the mountain every Monday morning, amply supplied with 
wine and whiskey, eatables being supplied from Lord King- 
ston's. On one Sunday, Mr. Massey's eldest son asked me to 
go with him to pay a visit to the Rev. Mr. Lloyd, the Protes- 
tant Rector of the parish, who lived in the lovely valley, occu- 
pying a residence that would not disgrace a nabob. I was ac- 
quainted with his father who was highly respectable, but not 



140 Biography. 

with himself. I Avas scarcely introduced to the Rector, Avho 
knew me w ell, though never having seen me before, when he or- 
dered the butler to prepare lunch, accordiog to the usual cus- 
tom of that land of real hospitality, ordering me to fill my glass, 
which I did without much pressing, the day being very warm. 
On raising the glass to my mouth, he cried out, " stop, sir, for 
a moment," he brought a large flint-glass tumbler, which would 
contain a pint, which he filled to the brim with sparkling wine, 
a part of which I took without delay. The Rev. Gentleman 
said that he prevented me from drinking out of the small glass, 
as he intended to send that tumbler up to Dublin, in order to 
engrave on it the following inscription: "John Gregory of 
Dublin, the Civil Engineer, Geologist, Astronomer and Philo- 
sopher drank wine out of this tumbler. I will give it to. my 
eldest boy, with an injunction that it should be preserved in the 
family." Mr. Massey next proposed to me to pay a visit to Mr. 
Kane, the Parish Priest, to which I consented with pleasure. I 
had scarcely time to be introduced to the Rev. Mr. Kane, 
when he placed on the table an ample decanter full of good 
whiskey, and ordered his man to bring sugar and water. Mr. 
Massey having told the priest what the parson had done, said, 
" I would do better. I will send this decanter up to Dublin, 
and fret it cased with silver, on which I Avill order to be inscrib- 
ed, John Gregory of Dublin, the well known author, drank 
punch, made of whiskey, which this decanter contained, and 
order it to be preserved in the parish." When m.y arrival was 
announced in any large town or city in the province of Munster, 
all the schools would sometimes get a holiday, in order that all 
the scholars, v,hh. their teachers, may go to visit me at a given 
hour, all being anxious to see the person that wrote the books 
they were learning. 

When the Commissioners of Education were maturing their 
system, they were in the habit of sending for me to ask my opi- 
nion on different matters. One day they sent Doctor McArthur, 
head teacher of the model school, to request of me to come to 
the Board room. I obeyed the mission, and when I sat at the 
table, the Duke of Leinster asked me if I kncAV any of the Ca- 



Biography. 141 

tholic Bishops ? I answered that I had dined at the house of 
every Catholic Bishop in Ireland, except two — the Bishop of the 
Dioceses, where I first lived, whom I knew before he had been 
bishop and since, but that I never dined at his house; and the 
other is the Archbishop of Tuam, Dr. McHale, whom I never 
knew.* 

Doctor Crotty was afterwards Bishop of Cloye, where he 
died at an advanced age. He was a kind, good man, free from 
religious prejudice, and averse to rebellion and internal com- 
motion. He was a great favorite with the Duke of Leinster, 
who had a good opportunity of knowing him well, as a neigh- 
bor, the College grounds being separated from the Duke's di- 
mesne by a wall. I dined with the Duke in company with Dr. 
Crotty, one day, and I happened to sit near the Duke at the ta- 
ble. He introduced the sad state of the country at the time. 
A short time before this, the Duke called a meeting of the land- 
ed proprietors, of Ireland, to consider what could be done to re- 
store peace between landlord and tenant, and improve the con- 
dition of the farming classes. Immediately after the meeting 
having taken place, the immortal O'Connell called a meeting, at 
which he denounced everything that had been said and done at 
the Leinster meeting before ; the Duke said to me in an under- 



* This account E give of myself may appear somewhat egotistical. I beg of my American 
readers not to accuse me of that weakness. When I wrote what is stated in the foregoing 
article, I little expected to see the American shores. I wrote it to prove to my countrjmen 
of all classes, creeds and politics, that a man who discharges his duty honestly and impar- 
tially in Ireland, may escape censure and reproach from the educated and better classes of 
all creeds and politics, among whom chance placed me in early life. With the lower 
classes I had nothing to do, my scientific, literary and professional services being required 
only by the upper classes. I am and was always anxious to promote education, and friendly 
to the diffusion of general knowledge among the middle and lower classes of my country- 
men. I was always liberal, but coii.:ervative in politics, tolerant iu religion, giving every 
one full credit for his religious belief, provided his works testified that he obeyed that 
great commandment to do unto others as he would like them to do unto him in similar cir- 
cumstances. A departure from that great commandment, however, would make me give 
him no credit for any belief whatever. I never had taste nor possessed sufficient talent to 
cut a figure in politics, and therefore kept aloof from any whirlpool likely to swallow up 
truth and falsehood, peace and strife, religion and infidelity, or anything whatever calculat- 
ed to gain or carry a cause in dispute. 

The short sketches of my own history, given from time to time In my publication, show 
that few professional mea in any couTitry have been treated so kindly and well as I was in 
my own country, and it is with great pride I acknowledge it; and as a corallory, deducible 
from the same history, I feel proud to know that those among whom chance placed me ap- 
preciated my 8ervices,and approved of my general conduct. 



142 Biography. 

tone, " I am sorry that Mr. O'Connell did not give us sufficient 
time to try what we couhl do before he killed us. If we had a 
few persons like that old gentleman, pointing to the doctor, 
scattered through Ireland, the country would not be in such a 
sad state as it is at present. A better man than that you could 
not find anywhere." 



ALBERT B. GEILFUSS 
Was born in Saxony, Germany, on March 1st, 1847, and at 
the age of four years his parents immigrated to this country, 
staying at New York until the forepart of 1854, at which time 
they came to Milwaukee. 

The subject of this sketch received his education in Milwau- 
kee, and graduated in 1861, in the German, and English Aca 
demy, then entering the Boot and Shoe store of B. Stern, as 
clerk and salesman. 

In the latter part of 1862, he entered the Banking House of 
Price, Brothers & Co. as an errand boy, but soon became so 
well conversant with that business that he was allowed to wait 
on customers; and during the sickness of their book-keeper, was 
in charge of the firm's books, giving entire satisfaction. In 
1865, at the instance of the organization of the Fifth Ward 
Bank, (now South ^Side Savings' Bank) he was engaged as 
book-keeper and teller, but was called back by his former em- 
ployers, Price Bros., who had then sold out their interest to E. 
H. Goodrich, H. T. Rumsey and S. McCord, (firm Goodrich, 
Rumsey & Co.) and was with the latter firm until March 1867, 
when Mr. Goodrich called him to the Merchants' National 
Bank as teller and general assistant, the Cashier of that Bank, 
Mr. S. B. Scott, having sent in his resignation. In the fall of 
1869, he married the eldest daughter of Mr. George Bremer, 
of this city. In June, 1870, the Merchants' National Bank 
of Milwaukee went into liquidation, and was succeeded by the 
Bank of Commerce, whose directors and stockholders comprise 
some of the wealthiest and best businessmen of Milwaukee, and 
Mr. Geilfuss was unanimously chosen to fill the responsible 
position of Cashier of that institution. He has given entire 



Wis. Central R. R. 143 

satisfaction in managing the business of said Bank in company 
with Hon. Edward O'Neill, its President, the standing of the 
Bank bein^ very high in business circles, and it < affairs in a 
very prosperous condition. At the time of his election to the 
cashiership of the Bank of Commerce, Mr. Geilfuss was only 
23 years of age, and the youngest Cashier of any of the Banks 
in Milwaukee, which tact strongly adds so his popularity and 
his business capacities. 



WISCONSIN CENTRAL RAILROAD. 

This gigantic railroad commences at Menasha, a town that 
started into existence on Doty's Island, about thirty years 
ago, and passes through WeyauAveg:), Waupaca, Amherst, Ste- 
vens Point, Auburndale, Ashland, on Lake Superior, and 
Penoka. 

On the 3d day of August, 1872, ninety miles of this road 
from Menasha were built, and in running order to Auburndale. 
Those who have passed over this road speak of it in high terms 
of praise, the rolling stock and fixtures being of the very best 
quality, and the motion of the cars smooth and even. Fifteen 
miles more from the above mentioned point were to be complet- 
ed in September last, and 120 miles more will be completed by 
the first day of October, 1873. Thirty miles more will be com- 
pleted from Ashland to Penoka by the 15th day of November, 
1873, making the distance in all from Menasha to Penoka 255 
miles. The Wisconsin Central Company are doing a great 
work for Wisconsin, opening a travelling avenue from the Great 
Atlantic through its centre, making known to the speculators of 
the older States, and to the landless millions in Europe, that a 
vast tract, hitherto unapproachable and considered barren and 
useless, is to be found in the wilderness, containing rich land, 
fit for cultivation, an inexhaustible supply of lumber and iron, 
and many other sources of hidden wealth can be developed by in- 
dustrial labor. 

This Company expect to build a railway from Milwaukee to 
Manitowoc and Two Rivers — eighty miles, and from Manitowoc 
to Menasha, forty-five miles, in the course of next year, 1873; 



144 Mil. & Northern R. R. 

thus making in all three hundred and eighty miles within the 
State of Wisconsin. 

Hon. George Reed is Vice-President of this Road; E. B. 
Phillips, President of Construction Company; C. Harris, Su- 
perintendent; E. M. Webster, Secretary. 



THE MILWAUKEE AND NORTHERN RAILWAY 
Is built by the Milwaukee Construction Company, of which 
Ouido Pfisteris President; E. B. Greenleaf, Manager; H. J. 
Hilbert, Chief Engineer. Its construction was commenced in 
the summer of 1870, at Swartzburg Junction, six miles north of 
Milwaukee, and the track reached Cedarburg, nineteen and three 
quarter miles from ^lilwaukee in the fall of the same year. The 
next year the road was built to Plymouth, fifty-two and a half 
miles from Milwaukee, D. L. Wells <5c Co., contractors. This 
year the road is being built to Green Bay, 109 miles from Mil- 
waukee, and a branch of sixteen miles from the North line of 
Calumet County to Menasha, ninety-nine miles from Milwaukee. 
Total length of main line and branch being 120 miles. Trains 
are now running to Menasha, and the track is being laid to 
Green Bay, the grading and bridging being completed. 

This road passes through the Brown Deer, Thienville, Ce- 
darburg, Grafton, Saukville, Fredonia, Random, Waldo, Ply- 
mouth, Elkhart Lake, Kiel, Holstein, Hayton, Chilton, Mena- 
sha Junction, Sherwood and Menasha. 

Jesse Hoyt, President, New York. 

Angus Smith, Vice-President. 

William Taintor, Secretary and Treasurer. 

E. B. Edgerton, Chief Engineer ol the Railway Co. 



FOND DU LAC 

Is situated at the southern extremity of Lake Winnebago, 62.70 
miles northwest of Milwaukee. Its growth and prosperity have 
been very rapid. It has a population of about 13,000, seven- 
teen churches, two foundries, five wagon factories, five flouring 
mills, five sash and blind factories, fifteen saw mills, thirteen 



Fond dk Lac. 145 

shingle mills, one oil mill, one agricultural implement factory*^ 
eight hotels, the Patty House being the best, and five news- 
papers. Hon. W. H. Hiner and Myers are sufficient to raise 
the character of any town or city in which they reside. These 
gentlemen deserve much credit. They are good and useful 
citizens, giving employment and the means of living to thou- 
sands. Many others in business in the city of Fond du Lac 
deserve special notices, if it were not contrary to the intended 
plan of the work. Fond du Lac is known as the "Fountain 
City," by reason of the vast number of artesian wells sunk in 
all parts of the city. Pure water, raised in these fountains on 
the same prineiple, and for the same reason that water rises in 
a siphon, when conveyed from one vessel to another, not, how- 
ever, higher than the source, I treat of all such subjects in 
some of my works relating to fluids. 

Before I had published my first work on Wisconsin, 1855, I 
took some pains to ascertain the source of these fountains, 
which I found to be a small lake some few miles from the city. 

The best and most experienced fountain diggers in Fond du 
Lac are the Messrs. Seely & 0' Conner. 



SHEBOYGAN FALLS 

Is six miles from the town of Sheboygan. It is built on both 
sides of the Sheboygan river, and has a population of about 
1,175. It has two woolen factories, two turning lathes, one 
foundry, five churches, two hotels, a good water power; and, 
considering its size, does a good business. 



SHEBOYGAN 

Is delightfully situated on Lake Michigan. It occupies a high 
position, and commands a beautiful view of the lake. It has a 
population of about 6,500. This town has ten churches, three 
foundries, two chair factories, two planing mills, one sash, 
blind and door factory, one bank, five drug stores, one steel 
foundry, seven hotels, and two weekly newspapers. Sheboygan 
has the advantage of good common roads, and a railroad and 



146 Industrial Resources 

gas works. Its situation and harbor, with the vast extent of 
agricultural country west of it, ought to secure a large business. 
It is well situated as a ship-building station. Thayer 6c Greg- 
ory have already rendered themselves famous by the superior- 
ity of the vessels they have built. Mr. John Gregory is univer- 
sally acknowledged to be at the very zenith of his trade in the 
Northwest. He ac(}uired great celebrity in Chicago by the 
beau'y and speed of all the vessels ho built while a resident of 
that city. One of his knowledge and experience is a great ac- 
quisition to our lake shores. 

The town officers of Sheboygan are Thomas Blackstock, 
Mayor; Charles Adolphs, Clerk ; Joseph Meiskoff, Compt- 
roller; M. Treher, Treasarer; Joseph Beidig, Attoruey 



THE WOLF RIVER REGION. 

The Wolf River is navigable for large steamers, from the ra- 
pidly increasing town of Oshkosh to New London. For smaller 
boats it is navigable from New London to Shawano. The Little 
Wolf, the Sheack, Embarass, Waupaca, Red, and other smaller 
sized, run into the Wolf River, and drain the counties of Wau- 
paca, Outagamie, Shawano and the Indian country north to the 
Michigan line. The travelling correspondent of the Chicago 
Post, writing on this region says, " This country has hitherto 
been styled ' the Wolf Pinery,' and little else had been known 
of it within the past four or five years, dur ng which it has been 
settling rapidly, and to-day it is claiming the attention of emi- 
grants, lar^c districts being taken by European colonies. It 
is no longer simply a pinery, important only to lumbermen, but 
it is assuming the character of an agricultural region, more in- 
viting in its soil, healthy climate, and ability to raise good 
wheat, cattle, and to maintain manufactories than the reputation 
it has long snstaiaed as a lumber region. The county of Shaw- 
ano raised the past season more than sufficient to supply its 
people with wheat and cattle; and next year it will ship an ex- 
cess of products to the upper regions north of it, a good military 
road, leading from the town of Shawano to Copper Harbor, 
being nearly completed. The pine lands are confined to dis- 



OP Wisconsin. 147 

tricts, the balance being hardwood ridges, excellent for wheat 
and grass. This is the character of the country as far north 
as the ridge or lake range of high lands, dividing the waters 
flowing north from those that find their way to Green Bay and 
to the Mississippi river. 

Wheat, equal to that raised in Minnesota, may be raised in 
all this section of country, nearly to Lake Superior; and as it is 
unsurpassed for grass, it cannot fail, in a few years, of being 
equal, as a grazing country, to northern New York, or any of 
the New England States. With this section Oshkosh has con- 
nection now by the Wolf River, and in a few years will have it 
by railroad." 



CHICAGO AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY 

Passes through the following places : — Chicago Depot, City 
Limits, Junction, Belle Plaine, Ravenswood, Rose Hill, Rog- 
ers Park, Calvary, South Evanston, Evanston, North Evanston, 
Wilmotte, Winelka, Lake Side, Glencoe, Highland Park, High- 
wood, Lake Forest, Rockland, Waukegan, Benton, State Line, 
Kenosha, Racine Junction, Racine, Ives Station, County Line, 
Oak Creek, Buckhorn, St. Francis, Engine Station, Mil- 
waukee. 



NORTHWESTERN UNION RAILWAY. 

This is the extension of the Milwaukee Division of the Chi- 
cago and Northwestern Railway. Leaving the Third Ward, in 
the city of Milwaukee, and going north, the road passes through 
the following places : — Granville, in Milvvaukee county; West 
Bend, county seat of Washington county; Reid's Run, Wash- 
ington county; New Cassel, in Fond du Lac county, intersect- 
ing the Chicago and Northwestern Railway in south Fond du 
Lac city. Length of road 62.70 miles. 

President, F. Myers, Fond du Lac; Engineer, D. Howell; 
F. McNamara, Superintendent of Construction. 



148 Industrial Resources 

KENOSHA, 

On Lake Michigan, is 35 miles south of Milwaukee, and 55 
miles north from Chicago. It has a harbor that admits of im- 
provement. 

Three newspapers are published here, and several artesian 
wells, sunk with success, which supply the town with a never- 
failing supply of water. It has the advantage of good common 
roads, and also enjoys the advantage of excellent railroads. 
There are good private schools and academies, besides good 
common schools. Kenosha has an institution for the instruc- 
tion of young ladies, called Kemper Hall, to perpetuate the 
memory of the late Bishop Kemper. It has hotels and saloons, 
several factories; also the usual shops of the different trades, 
found in similar towns. The country west of this town is not 
inferior to any part of the country for agricultural purposes. It 
has a population of 4,308. 



MADISON. 

Madison, the capital of the State, and county seat of Dane, 
proves the discriminating judgment of those that located it, 
combining as it does, more charming and diversified scenery to 
promote health and pleasure, than, perhaps, the capital of any 
other State in the Union. 

Its silvery lakes are seen glistening in the bosom of rounded 
hills, clothed with refreshing shady groves of various hues, like 
brilliant diamonds set amidst the swelling vestments of God's 
most perfect work, where alone is the line of beauty delineated 
unbroken, distinguished the Queen of Creation as incomparably 
the most b autiful, the most lovely object of the creation. It is 
true, the scenery around Madison presents nothing bordering on 
the sublime; no deep or gloomy cavern, awful to behold; no 
frowning cliff of fearful height; no projecting bluff for the eagle's 
foot-stool; no noisy cataract, displaying in its spray the rellect- 
ed colors of the rain-bow. The scenery of Madison is not cha- 
racterized by any of those stern attributes which constitute the 
sublime. In its beauty and loveliness consist all its attracting 



O F ^V ! s C O N S 1 N . 149 

charms. Situated on an eminence, Madison invites the lovers 
of beauty to view its rounded hills, its gentle slopes, its rippling 
streams, its stately groves, its flowry lawns, its flowing mead- 
ows; its waving corn, its extensive prospect, its green fields and 
its rich soil. Such a spot could not long remain the inheritance 
of lazy, untutored ignorance. The hand of active industry has 
taken possession of this lovely place, banishing thoughtless in- 
activity. The light of acquired knowledge has banished sav- 
age ignorance, and the water that had wasted its power for 
ages, is now employed in driving as complete a flouring mill as 
can be seen anywhere, combining the most modern European 
improvements in mill machinery, acquired in a tour through 
Europe by the proprietor, Governor Farwell, with all the appli- 
ances of Yankee ingenuity. This being the seat of the State 
government, and of learning; and possessing so many local at- 
tractions, in point of health, beauty of scenery, facility of ac- 
quiring knowledge, and of intercourse, respectable families, 
wishing to lead a quiet, happy life and educate their children, 
will find it as desirable a place of residence as any, perhaps, in 
the Union. It holds out inducemeuts to hotel keepers, book- 
sellers, and others carrying on genteel business, unequalled by 
any other town of its age in the country. The surrounding 
country aifords farms for sale of unsurpassed fertility. Its popu- 
lation amounts to about ten thousand, and is rapidly increasing. 
In writing this short notice of the capital of Wisconsin, I feel 
myself bound to acknowledge my obligation to the Governor for 
his hospitality and polite attention to me while remaining at 
Madison. Governor Farwell is a gentleman of sound judgment, 
great common sense, and extensive practical knowledge, acquir- 
ed in business and in foreign countries, which his ample fortune 
enabled him to visit. He is a gentleman of good manner and 
prepossessing exterior, free from ostentatious display, but firm 
in the discharge of his executive duties, knowing no political 
party, and guided only by his own strict sense of justice. These 
qualities, combined with an untiring spirit of improvement 
which gives extensive employment to tradesmen and laborers, 
have gained for him the approbation of the State and the general 
esteem of all those around him. 



150 Industrial Resources 

The Capitol at Madison occupies a commanding position, and 
is an honor, not only to the architect who planed it, but to the 
State that contributed the means to build it. A full descrip- 
tion of this beautiful edifice deserves a place in this work, 
which I mean to give in a future number. I found fault with 
the gallery in the Assembly Chamber the moment I first enter- 
ed it. I found no fault with the appearance of the chamber^ 
which is very fine, nor with the appearance of the gallery, which 
is very handsome, but by no means well calculated to conduct 
sound, or hear it distinctly. I feel bound to say that it is much 
easier to find fault than to apply a remedy. Before the houses 
of Parliament, in London, were built, numerous plans had been 
submitted to the proper authorities, who Avere anxious to com- 
bine appearance and usefulness. Many could be found good 
judges of appearance, but very few capable of telling what 
shape of a building Avas best to combine distinct hearing, diffu- 
sion of sound with as little echo as possible. 

The plans sent in were laid before the British :) ^-ociationfor 
the advancement of science, who selected a comu,.. • to inves- 
tigate the matter, and I was among the number chu.M u. being 
known to have conducted several experiments, with a view to 
find the best means to lessen the sound of steam emitted from 
the boiler of my steam carriage for the common roads, for fear 
of frightening horses. I am almost tempted to give the result 
of the investigation of the above committee chosen, as well as 
that of my own experiments, which, no doubt, would be accept- 
able to scientific persons, but may be considered irrelevant by 
others, who form the majority of my readers. And as every- 
thing goes by majorities in this country, whether right or wrong, 
I yield to custom. 

The new Post Office is a beautiful building, but occupies too 
low a position. A short distance from the Capitol is the State 
University a fine building. 

Three miles from the city is the Lunatic Asylum, on the side 
of one of the beautiful lakes. 

OFFICES IN THE STATE CAPITOL. 

Senate and Assembly Chambers. 



Wisconsin. 151 



Executive Chambers. 

Office of the Attorney General. 

Office of the Secretary of State.. 

Office of the State Treasurer. 

Supreme Court Rooms. 

United States Court. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

State Historical Society. 

State Library. 

Office of the Adjutant General. 

Office of School Land Commissioners. 

Office of State Board of Charities. 



OSHKOSH. 

Oshkosh, the county, seat of Winnebago county, is a flourish- 
ing town on the west side of Lake Winnebago. It has a popu- 
lation of 12,785. 

It has soap and candle factories, one foundry, one tannery, 
one threshing machine factory, six mills, six hotels, two brew- 
ries, fump and sash factories, academies and common schools, 
and three newspapers. Steam power supplies that of water in 
which the town is deficient. The lumber business is carried on 
extensively in Oshkosh, and from its position it must prosper, 
and in time become a place of importance. 

CITY OFFICERS OF OSHKOSH. 

Mayor^ James Jenkins; Clerk, J. B. Powers, Treasurer, 
Wm. T. Taylor; School Superintendent, H. B. Dale; Chief of 
Police, Joseph Jackson; City Attorney, W. R. Kennedy. 

Assessors — L. M. Miller, John Mauel and George Rogers. 

Justices of the Peace — C. Saran, Junr., and C. D. Clerland. 

Supervisors — D. L. Libby, M. Strong, Ira Griffin, L. M. 
Miller, K. C. Jewell, Levi Knapp. 



152 Industrial Resources 



APPLETON. 



The city of Appleton, Wisconsin, is situated on the banks 
of the Lower Fox River, thirty miles from Green Bay and five 
from Winnebago Lake. It is connected with Portage, Osh- 
kosh. Fond du Lac, Berlin, Green Bay, and other important 
towns by steamboat navigation, which, passing up the Lower 
Fox, the Winnebago Lake, the Upper Fox, and Wolf Rivers, 
makes a continuous line of water communication, more than 
two hundred and fifty miles, within the State. In addition to 
the outlet at Green Bay numerous railroads now buill, being 
built, and to be built, will give the city of Appleton the addi- 
tional advantage of railroad communication with an innumera- 
ble number of important points withiii and outside the 
State. Appleton City had scarcely a house in 184!^. and now 
it has a population of about 4,600. The country around it is 
well adapted for all agricultural purposes, the region to the 
north of it is rich in timber, iron, and copper. 

The water power at this point is immense, being estimated 
at Tiventy-three Thousand Horse Poiver. The fall of the Fox 
River, in passing the city, is fifty feet. Two substantial dams 
are already constructed, offering cheap and ready facilities for 
extensive and varied manufactures. The tiow of water is enor- 
mous; and so well regulated is it by Lake Winnebago above, 
that the fluctuation from high to low water never exceeds four 
feet, thus securing through every period of the ^^ear a uniform 
supply. With a limited capital, a large and remunerative busi- 
ness can be as cheaply called into existence in Appleton as in 
any locality in the Union, while the railroad facilities and water 
communication, between Green Bay and the jNIississippi, pass- 
ing this point by the Fox and Wisconsin^River Canal, conspire 
to render it one of the most favorable points for investment by 
capitalists of large means. Appleton is also the scat of the 
Lawrence University, a young and flourishing institution, fur- 
nishing good facilities for acquiring a liberal education. The 
average number of pupils, for the past few years has been three 
hundred. The University has a full board of instruction, a fine 



op Wisconsin. 153 

apparatus, a choice cabinet, and a well-selected library of five 
thousand volumes. Much money has been judiciously expend- 
ed on the houses and grounds, and it is designed to carry into 
eifective operation a well-digested system of graded schools. 

Initiatory steps in this direction have already been taken. 
Two weekly newspapers are published here. There are six 
church organizations and four church edifices. The location 
of Appleton is beautiful in appearance, and remarkably healthy; 
as a proof of this fact, only one death occurred in the Lawrence 
University in seven years, out of two thousand students who 
attended the* institution during that time. I would respect- 
fully suggest that a Professorship of Civil Engineering, and 
another of Practical Mechanics should be added to the present 
course of studies. To insure competency and efficiency in 
these two departments, due attention should be paid to the mathe- 
matical and physical sciences, without which no one can be a 
perfect master of his pi-ofession in all the variety of cases in 
which his services may be required. 

A glance at my course of Civil Engineering aud Trigonome- 
trical Surveying would show the indispensable necessity of an 
intimate knowledge of an extensive course of mathematical and 
physical science. 



PORTAGE CITY. 

Portage City is situated on an eminence between the Fox 
and Wisconsin Rivers, to which point both rivers Avill in some 
time hence be navigable. Shifting sandbars are the only ob- 
struction to the navigation of the Wisconsin River from the 
Mississippi to Portage. By skillful engineering, the present 
difficulty of navigating the AVisconsin could be obviated. Some 
twenty-six years ago a canal was commenced at Portage City 
to connect the Wisconsin and Fox' Rivers, which, however, was 
never finished or used. About twenty-four years ago, I took 
the levels from Portage City to Green Bay, with a view of 
making the Fox River navigable, but the appropriation to carry 
on the work having been withdrawn, the project dropped. It is 



154 Biography. 

expected that this useful project will be renewed in the coming 
year and carried into effect, by which a water communication 
shall be established from Portage, Oshkosh, Neenah, Menasha, 
Appleton, and ten thousand other points, whose collective dis- 
tances apart, would give them a navi<:able channel of 14,000 
or 15,000 miles, securing accessible markets for the sale of the 
inexhaustible quantities of lumber which the northern pineries 
will annually supply, and the vast quantity of grain which will 
be raised in the extensive re ;ion drained by these rivers. 

The number of railroads which are and will be built in and 
through Wisconsin and neighboring states, will cou^'m- the 
double advantage of carriage by land and water, two agencies 
essential to the growth and prosperity of any region or city 
through which they pass. 

The population of Portage is about four thousand. The late 
Andrew Dunn was the first Mayor of the city after its incorpo- 
ration. Mr. Dunn was a native of the county Tyrone in Ire- 
land. He was in every sense of the word a good man, and a 
prominent citizen. He died a few years ago, universally 
reirretted. 



HON. WM. A. BARSTOW. 

The following is a brief outline of the civil and military 
career, and public services of the late Gov. Wm. A. Barstow, 
taken from an admirably written sketch by Hon. Edward M. 
Hunter and Hon. E. A. Calkins, late Lieut.]Colonel of the First 
Wisconsin Cavalry. 

In writing this sketch, I have omitted everything like a poli- 
tical discussion, having promised in my preface to avoid politi- 
cal and religious discussions of every kind. My omission, 
however, is no proof that I approve or disapprove of the senti- 
ments advocated in the parts omitted. I shall state facts, and 
allow the reader to form his own opinion. 

Governor Barstow was descended from a good family, Avhose 
ancestral seat was at Naburn Hall, York, England, in the West 
Riding of which may be found members of the family to this 
day. Four brothers of this family left their home in 1635, two 



Biography. 155 

of whom, George and William, came over in the True Love 
from London, and landed at Boston in that year. 

It does not appear whether John Barstow, the ancestor of 
our Governor, came over in that vessel with the brothers or not, 
but the records show that at or about that time, he came and 
settled in the province near them. William A. Barstow, the 
father of the subject of this sketch, was one of a family of seven 
brothers, all of whom served in the patriot army jf the Revolu- 
tionary Avar, and William, when a boy of only fourteen years, 
was one of a company of militia, and with a musket on his 
shoulder marched to aid in the defence of New London, at the 
time Benedict Arnold was ravaging the sea coast and destroyed 
that town. His son, William A. i^arstow, whose career we now 
propose to trace, was born at Plainfield, a village in Windham 
County, Connecticut, the 13th of September 1813; he died at 
Leavenworth, in the State of Kansas, on the' 13th of September, 
1865, and but a few months after he had visited this State, 
which he continued to the end to call his home. 

His father was a farmer, and William A. had, Avith his brothers, 
no other advantages of education, than those afforded by the 
common schools of the period, and they even were confined to 
the winter s ason, as during the summer their labor was required 
on the farm. Here William continued with the family until he 
attained the age of sixteen years, when he left his home and be- 
came a clerk in the store of his brother, Samuel H. Barstow, now 
at Waukesha, at Norwich, Connecticut, and where he remained 
for the period of four years. In April 1834, he gave up his 
position as clerk for his brother, removed to Cleveland, Ohio, 
and entered into business with Horatio N. Barstow, an elder 
brother, who had preceeded him there. Here for about five 
years, the firm in which he was a partner carried on a very ex- 
tensive business as millers and forwarders. They ranked high 
as energetic and honorable business men, and were only com- 
pelled to suspend by the calamity which overwhelmed all those 
extensively engaged in manufacturing and trafiic at that period. 
This brother, Horatio, was subsequently drowned at the Red 
River R. R., in Arkansas, when engaged in the execution of a 
contract he had entered into with the general government. He 



156 BlOCRAPHY. 

was a man of extraordinary energy, enterprise and sagacity, 
in many of his traits resembling strongly the subject of this 
sketch. In the month of November, 1849, Governor Barstow 
removed from Cleveland. He had previously gathered much 
accurate information relative to the then young and distant 
Territory of Wisconsin, and by it, was induced to recommence 
the struggle for fortune here among the pioneers who had pre- 
ceded him and located their home in the wilderness of the fron- 
tier. On reaching Wisconsin, he fixed his residence at the then 
so-called village of Prairieville, consisting of a little cluster 
of houses, and assisted by some of his enterprising friends at 
Cleveland, purchased a water-power together with a very con- 
siderable portion of 100 acres, now covered by the flourishing 
village of Waukesha. Here under his supervision, a flourising 
mill was erected, considered at that time to be the best outside 
of Milwaukee, and here he continued for a number of years 
actively engaged in the milling and mercantile business, rapidly 
extending his circle of acquaintance and forming those ties of 
friendship, which were strengthened by time, and which only 
terminated at his death. Many of the old settlers are still 
among us, who can recall the many and varied acts of kindness and 
generosity, by which those ties of friendship were created. It 
was a new country, and the pioneer had more hardship and want 
to encounter, than the most of us now can realize, and Mr. Bar- 
stow's occupation as a miller and a merchant made him cogniz- 
ant of much of that wa-etchedness and distress which his generous 
hand never failed to relieve, and that too, Avhen the chances for 
re-payment were poor indeed. 

Those prostrated by the sickness incident to a new country, 
and discouraged by the failure of crops and other causes, never 
applied to him in vain, and those acts of kindness were not for- 
gotten when he wanted their assistance at the polls. In those 
days railroads were not dreamed of, and plank roads only ex- 
pected in time, tlierefore the settler was isolated for a great por- 
tion of the year, from the closing of navigation to the opening of 
the same. 'The stages of Frink, Walker & Co., it is true, 
brought the mail from the east and an occasional passenger, but 
as far as the mass of the people were concerned, those in the cast 



B r o G R A I' H y. 157 

wer® as completely cut off from those in the west as if separated 
by a thousand miles of uninhabitable desert. The merchant 
that ventured a journey from Milwaukee to New York for goods, 
not unfrequently required several weeks to accomplish the haz- 
ardous task, and a journey from Milwaukee to Waukesha required 
an entire day of toil and travel. In a small and isolated com- 
munity, such as Waukesha was, the miller and merchant com- 
bined was a personage of no small importance, and had frequent 
opportunities for the exhibition of his true character, whether 
kindly and charitable, or the reverse. The sight ot suffering 
Mr. Barstow could not endure, and none existed where he could 
prevent or remedy it. A single instance of his readiness to 
assist those who needed aid must suffice for my relation here. 
Mrs. Jackson, whose husband, the postmaster of the village, 
had died soon after Mr. Barstow's arrival, was left with scanty 
means for the support of herself and children. The active politi- 
cians were surprised when it became known that the new comer 
had unasked, through his acquaintance with Governor Dodge, 
secured the office for one who needed it most, and whose ability 
to discharge the duty connected with it was unquestioned. In- 
stances of like character could be repeated were it necessary, 
that would fill a volume. He was known and respected for other 
traits than those of kindness and generosity, however. " He 
was the true and legal friend, who never made the promise to 
to the ear, and broke it to the hope " — the acute far sighted 
counsellor, and the honorable and upright judge, to whom all 
were willing' to refer their cause of difference. Such a man 
could not fail soon to be widely known, and he rapidly attained 
to rank among the foremost of those who controlled the affairs of 
the village and county. He had at one time the office of post 
master, and which he retained until he surrendered it into the 
hands of the late Postmaster General Randall, then a young 
man, couimencing the practice of the law at Prairieville. He 
was appointed one of the three commissioners of the county of 
Milwaukee, which then embraced what is now known as Wau- 
kesha within its limits, and which was prior to the adoption of 
the supervisor system. He was prominent and efficient in the 
movemoiit in the creation of the territorial area of MilAvaukee. 



158 Biography. 

Until he changed his residence and removed to Madison, he 
took an active part in all matters concerning the welfare of the 
county, and never lost the deep interest he felt in the locality, 
which had been his first home in the new State of his adoption. 
In April, 1844, he was married to Miss Marie Quaries, of 
Southport, as it then was known, now the city of Kenosha. In 
the fall of 1849, Mr, Barstow was nominated by the Demo- 
cratic State Convention for the office of Secretary of State, 
upon the ticket with Governor DcAvey, and succeeding in the 
canvass, and entering upon the discharge of the duties of the 
office, found the affairs in the condition of a chaos-, which how- 
ever he restored to order. During his term of office, as Secre- 
tary of State, the School Lands of the State were brought into 
the market to be sold under the supervision of the three Com- 
missioners, of Avhich he, by virtue of his position, became one; 
and it was a work of more than ordinary magnitude to arrange 
all of the complicated details necessary to the perfection of a 
system, which was to render the State and purchaser secure in 
their several rights. That he and his associates did their duty 
well, has been long conceded. In all the details connected with 
this important matter, the clear mind of Governor Barstow 
was never at fault. Sometime subsequent to his term of 
office, as Secretary of State, he became interested in the 
Fox and Wisconsin River Improvement, which was never 
carried into effect, the appropriation having been suspend- 
ed. The necessity of completing this great national im- 
provement is so apparent, that public attention is noAv directed 
to the matter; and it is generally hoped that in the coming year 
something will be done to carry out so desirable an object. 

Mr. Barstow's messages to the Legislature, bear ample evi- 
dence of his desire to promote every public measure calculated 
to benefit the general condition of the State. He was an ear- 
nest advocate of the first railroad enterprise in our State, and 
was amongst the foremost of those who lent their influ'^nce to- 
ward securing the charter of the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
Railroad, and as one of the original subscribers to the capital 
stock, and one of the first cHrectors of the company; his efficient 
aid was of importance in its early struggle for existence. ' But 



B I O C R A P H Y . 159 

it was not alone in enterprises of interest to the State that his 
comprehensive mind foresaw the ai^encies of vast usefulness in 
the future. While the great Pacific Railway yet seemed even 
to the sanguine as the work of a generation, and to the doubt- 
ful as one too stupendous to be undertaken, he urged our legis- 
lature, in stirring language, to memoralizc Congress in its be- 
half. It Avas in 1850 he wrote in his annual Message, " I 
know of no enterprise so well calculated to add to the resources 
of the -whole country, nor any which approximates it in the ra- 
pidity with which it would develop the same. It would lite- 
rally become a highway of nations, and the treasures of either 
hemispheres would seek a passage acros.s it to find their mart in 
th«i other. The increase of material wealth in the country, by 
the opening up of the almost boundless regions of the west, 
will set calculation at defiance ; and while this will add to our 
power as a people, it will furnish another link in the chain which 
binds us together a common whole." 

In 185 J, Mr. Barstow was chosen President of the b't. Croix 
and Lake Superior Railroad Company, and immediately set on 
foot energetic measures to advance that important enterprise. 
By his active aid a valuable land grant was secured, the route 
surveyed and established, and the contract let for the entire 
length, from the Hudson to Superior city, to responsible con- 
tractors, who were speedily on the ground with a large force of 
men and ample material to griide the road; but another party 
obtained control of the land grant, and ultimately of the road. 
In 1853, Mr. Barstow was nominated as Governor by the De- 
mocratic State Convention r ver his opponent, the then late 
treasurer. Col. J. C. Fairchild, and he was elected to that hon- 
orable position. He took his seat in January 1854. and the 
troubles of a hitherto peaceful, if somewhat chequered career, 
commenced. In the fall of 1855, Governor Barstow was ao-ain 
placed in nomination as chief executive officer of the State, by 
a large majority of those composing the Democratic Conven- 
tion, but the decision of the State canvassers was overruled by 
the Supreme Court. 

In 1857 he removed to Janesville, and for a short time en- 
gaged, in connection with Hon. Alexander T. Gray, the Secre- 



1 (10 B 1 O C; R A P H Y . 

tary of State during his first term, and myself, in the business 
of banking, with the result that might have easily been predict- 
ed by any one acquainted with Governor Barstow's generosity, 
and the profound knowledge of the business pursued by his as- 
sociates. A short time prior to the civil war, he resumed, at 
Janesville, his old business of milling, for which he always re- 
tained a strong partiality, and which was his latest regular oc- 
cupation up to the time he felt called upon to enroll himself 
among the defenders of the Union, which he reverenced above 
all things earthly. 

SKETCH OF WILLIAM A. BARSTOW'S MILITARY 
SERVICES, BY COL. E. A. CALKINS. 

I was appointed by the State Historical Society, immedi- 
ately after the death of the late William A. Barstow, in 1803^ 
to prepare his memoir for publication. I was unable at the 
time, and until I left the State, in 1867, for a prolonged ab- 
sence, to procure the necessary materials, especially as to his 
earlier life, and my task was, therefore, left unfulfilled. The 
Hon. E. M. Hunter was appointed to discharge the duty which 
I had neglected, and for which he was admirably qualified by 
his literary ability, and his personal and official intimacy with 
Governor Barstow. I regret, however, that he has furnished 
only a fragment, though a most interesting and valuable one, 
and that his work terminates where a very important period of 
Governor Barstow's life began, with his entrance upon the mili- 
tary service of his country at the outbreak of the late civil war, 
1 learn also, that I inust furnish a supplementary fragment, 
covering that portion of his career, or that the story will go to 
the world but half told, and that the records of the Society will 
remain complete. With this impulse in the midst of pressing 
duties, and without any adequate books or memoranda before 
me, I undertake to finish the task to which I was assigned some 
six years ago, and which has been commenced by another hand. 
Of course, I can supply but a meagre outline of the last four 
years of Governor Barstow's life, and cannot furnish a precif^e 
date to any part of the narrative. I must add that my rela- 
tions to liim during that time, render some egotistic allusioiis 
unavoidable. 



Biography. 161 

In August, 1861, at the request of a number of gentlemen 
who desired to enter the volunteer array in a cavalry organiza- 
tion — for which their tastes and some study had adapted them 
— I visited the head-quarters of Gen. Fremont, at St. Louis, 
with letters from Gov. Randall, certifying that I represented 
responsible persons interested in raising a force of cavalry, 
which the State authorities were not authorized to recruit and 
equip. I met Gov. Earstow at St. Louis, where he proposed 
to interest himself in the object I had in view, to which I cordi- 
ally assented, and placed all the matters connected with it in 
his hands. He then made a proposition to Gen. Freemont to 
recruit, equip, mount and arm in Wisconsin a cavalry regiment; 
and his proposition was accepted. G;en. Simon Cameron was 
then Secretary of War, and about that time visited St. Louis, 
to inspect the aifairs of Gen. Freemont's department, and Gov. 
Barstow's authority to raise the cavalry regiment was approved 
by him. Gov. Barstow returned to the State, when he esta- 
blished the camp of rendezvous at Janesville, and issued notices 
of his readiness to receive recruits. He was commissioned as 
Colonel of the regiment, Nov. 9, 1861. Li January, 1862, the 
regiment was filled to the minimum, and in February the maxi- 
mum was reached. 

The men were uniformed and armed, and partly mounted at 
Janesville. In March, the regiment was ordered to proceed to 
St. Louis, and went on board tvvo trains of cars for that pur- 
pose. During that night about five miles distant from Chicago, 
the forward train was thrown from the track, and several cars 
completely wrecked. Twelve men were killed outright, and 
large numbers were disabled and wounded more or less seri- 
ously. When the bleak vernal daylight dawned, the sight was 
a sickening and horrible one. The dead men were buried and 
the wounded ckred for as if it had been an action with the rebel 
enemy, and we proceeded on our dreary way. 

A proposed demonstration in honor of the regiment at Chi- 
cago was abandoned, and two days afterward they reached St. 
Louis, and encamped on ground adjoining Benton Barracks. 
Here the equipment of the men, except as to horses, was finish- 
ed, and they were drilled and disciplined by their subordinate 

commanders for service. Early in May the regiment was order- 
10 



162 Biography. 

ed to proceed to Fort Leavenworth, in Kansas, which they 
reached in good time, and they were there at length, mounted, 
and were finally ready for the field. 

Col. Barstow was, soon afterward, probably in June, 1862, 
appointed Provost Marshal General of Kansas. The various 
companies of the regiment were detailed to garrison scattered 
posts along the boundary between Kansas and Missouri, from 
Elwood, opposite St. Joseph, to Fort Scott. 

Late in July, he started on a tour of inspection of the various 
posts at which regimental detatchments were stationed, and 
reached Fort Scott about the 1st of August. The rebel com- 
manders. Coffee and Tracy, were at that time engaged in a raid 
into Missouri, aud threatened Fort Scott and the Kansas bor- 
der. Their forces numbered about 2,000 men fit for duty, and 
irregular reserves scattered throughout the whole country. 
Capt. Conkey, of Col. Barstow's regiment, with a small force, 
occupied Carthage, sixty miles southeast of Fort Scott. The 
rebels had passed around him, and had reached Moritevallo, a 
place in Missouri, forty miles east of Fort Scott, Col. Bar- 
stow's forces at Fort Scott numbered about 500 men all told. 
He notified Capt. Conkey to fall back toward Fort Scott, and, 
with all the men that could be spared from the fort, marched to 
meet him. A place of junction, called Church-in-the-Wood, 
was designated, and it was proposed with the united forces to 
attack the rebels at Montevallo. By an unforseen movement, 
however, the rebels occupied Church-in-the-Wood, which had 
been named as the rendezvous, and Capt. Conkey selected an- 
other road by which to meet the main body under Col. Bar- 
stow. The two detachments in consequence missed each other, 
and Col. Barstow also failed to receive a notice sent him by 
Capt. Conkey, of the unexpected movement of the rebels, and 
the change in plan which it made necessary. Col. Barstow 
also afterwards formed the opinion that he had been misled by 
treacherous scouts. He found himself, before reaching the ap- 
pointed place of junction, in the presence of a largely superior 
body of the enemy, both in his front and on his flank. 

After a short engagement, finding that the enemy's wings 
were extending to cut him off from Fort Scott, he ordered a re- 
treat, which soon, unfortunately, in spite of all' his efforts, be- 



Biography. 163 

came a stampede, and he was forced to follow his troops in their 
bewildered flight. He narrowly escaped capture, and all his 
baggage, supplies and ambulances fell into the hands of the 
enemy. Col. Barstow and all his command arrived at Fort 
Scott in safety the following day. Heavy reinforcements under 
Gen. Salomon also arrived, and the enemy evacuated, tempo- 
rarily, that part of the country. 

In September following, Col. Barstow was relieved from duty 
as Provost Marshal General. He was then assigned with several 
companies of his regiment to the First Brigade of the Army of 
the Frontier. This army was being organized for active field 
operations against the rebel army of Generals Hindman, Shel- 
by and Steele, who were forming on the banks of the Arkansas 
for a campaign to be carried northward into Missouri, and the 
objective point of which was the capture of St. Louis, and 
the overthrow of the Federal power west of the Mississippi 
river. 

During the month of October and November, the army of the 
frontier moved by easy marches south-eastwardly, and at 
length, in the last days of November, found itself face to face 
with Hindman's army. The federal forces occupied the broad 
fields and valleys into which the northern spurs of Boston Moun- 
tains extend. The rebels were generally in the ravines and 
mountain passes, and from these fastnesses they often sallied 
out, and sanguinary skirmishes ensued.. These minor actions 
culminated in the bloody and decisive battle of Prairie Grove, 
which was fought on Sunday, December 7th. In this battle 
the rebel force was completely broken and dispersed; its ad- 
vance northward stayed, and it was not again re- organized for 
offensive operations. Its component parts fell back far south- 
ward, was driven from the Arkansas Valley the following year, 
and finally surrendered with Price and Kirby Smith at the close 
of the war. 

The regiment during these operations was under my command. 
Camp duty and army fare told seriously upon Col. Barstow's 
health, and incapacitated him for the long rides and rough du- 
ties on wliich the men were ordered. He was, however, in such 
health, and possessed the confidence of the army commander to 
that extent, that he was placed in command of the camp of in- 



164 Biography. 

valid reserves, including the teamsters and the guards of the 
baggage and supply trains at Rhea's Mills, when the army 
marched out to meet the enemy, and till the close of the battle 
of Prairie Grove. He rejoined the regiment the next day, at 
its place of biavouc on the battle-field, and resumed command. 
Other operations of considerable extent and magnitude follow- 
ed, in which the regiment was constantly engaged, including the 
magnificent raid on the rebel camps in the Arkansas Valley and 
on Van Buren, which occupied the last days of December, 1862, 
and the first days of January, l^;63. During a portion of this 
time, he was with the regiment, and a part of the time he was 
detained in camp by illness. 

In the midst of these stirring events, and probably in the 
month of November of that year (1862), the regiment was en- 
camped with the main body of the army of the frontier, at a 
point some forty or fifty miles southwest of Fayetteville. While 
there, I received a letter from a trusted adviser and intimate 
friend of Gov. Randall, and of his successor. Gov. Harvey, en- 
closing a proposition that influences should be brought to bear, 
with Col. Barstow's consent, to procure his appointment as 
Brigadier General. It was suggested in the letter that enlist- 
ments were tardy, that the enforcement of the draft was unpopu- 
lar, and that it was the policy of the administration to attract 
the democrats to the support of war measures by showing that 
the favors, or, in other words, that military oflUcial commissions, 
were distributed without regard to partizanship among the lead- 
ing men of both political organizations. The letter conveyed 
an intimation, that, when promoted to Brigadier rank, he 
would be recalled to the Stato to superintend and stimulate re- 
cruiting. It was suggested that, as a basis of the application 
for his appointment, I should procure the certificate of army 
oflicers as to his capacity and fitness for the duties of a higher 
military position. I showed him the letter, but he declined to 
take any of the steps that it mentioned as the means of procur- 
ing the proposed promotion. He expressed the opinion that, if 
the appointment was desirable for the public reasons stated, it 
would be procured by the State authorities at home, Avithout 
any steps being taken by him or his friends in the field. No- 
thing farther was ever heard of the proposition. 



BrOGRAPHY. 165 

During January and February of 1863, Colonel Barstow re- 
mained at Fayettville, Arkansas, suffering constantly from ill 
health. The army then moved back into Missouri, to be nearer 
the base of supplies. After the enemy had entirely disappear- 
ed from the front, scattering bands of bush-whackers alone dis- 
turbed the peace of that country, for the repression of which 
this large army was not required. Colonel Barstow accom- 
panied the regiment as far north as Cassville, Missouri. From 
there, in February, probably, he proceeded to Kansas to in- 
spect the detachments of his regiment in that section, hoping 
also to procure an order for them to join the main body in the 
field. This was his last service with the regiment. His health 
was considerably broken, and he was unable to perform field 
duty. He remained at Fort Leavenworth during the spring 
and following summer. He was then detailed on court martial 
duty' at Department Head Quarters in St. Louis, and remained 
on detached duty of that character until the end of his term of 
service. 

The regiment was never re-united. I was promoted to the 
Lieutenant Colonelcy by the discharge of Lt. Col. White, and 
remained in command of the main body of the regiment, which 
was on active field duty, till the last months of the war. They 
rendered important and often dangerous service, and endured 
hardships and privations of no ordinary character. Their dead 
are on nearly everj battle field, and the prints of the hoofs of 
their horses are on every line of march occupied by the armies 
of the Union south of the Missouri, on both banks of the Ar- 
kansas, and to the extreme federal out-posts in the valley of the 
Red River. They have no historiographer, and the war books 
are almost silent concerning them. Even this slight and en- 
forced tribute to the truth of history would not have been paid 
at my hands, but that it was involved in my duty to the memory 
of Col. Barstow. 

In 1864 the regiment re-enlisted in the veteran volunteer ser- 
vice, and on their return to the field from their veteran reg-i- 
merital furlough, they were detained some time in Benton Bar- 
racks, St. Louis, awaiting equipments. Col. Barstow was, 
during that time, an almost constant visitor of the regiment, by 
the members of which he was regarded with sentiments of filial 
rey:ard and affection. 



166 Biography. 

He never fully recovered his health, but was constantly 
feeble, and often prostrate, during the remainder of his term of 
service. He was finally mustered out, and honorably discharg- 
ed, March 4th, 1865. By the assistance of influential friends, 
he then procured a trade permit from the Treasury Department, 
authorizing him to trade at any post on White or Arkansas 
rivers. I learn that the day he received this permit, he was 
offered twenty thousand dollars for the commercial privileges 
which it covered, and for the use of his name. He refused the 
offer, thinking it was as valuable to him as to any body, and 
having arrangements on foot and capable backers for large 
stocks of goods to be put on sale at the various points named in 
the permit. He visited that country to select and establish 
trading posts before sending the goods; and. on his return to 
St. Louis, was met by the information that all restrictions upon 
trade on the Mississippi river and its tributaries had been re- 
moved. His permit was, therefore, of no more value than so 
much blank paper. He soon afterward proceeded to Leaven- 
worth, where he remained during the summer and autumn. He 
was, while there, again prostrated with the disease which had 
become chronic in his bowels, and this illness proved fatal. He 
died at Leavenworth on the 13th of December, 1865, at the age 
of 52 years. 

It is melancholy to add, that the members of his family were 
unable to reach him previous to his death and burial, and that 
he was indebted to the kind offices of strangers for the atten- 
tions he received in his last hours, and for the rites of inter- 
ment. It being fully established that he died of disease con- 
tracted in the service, an officer's pension was granted to his 
widow. 

Nothing can be said of the value of his military services, for 
he was never placed in a command adequate to his rank after 
he went to the field, and during almost the entire time of his 
presence with his regiment he was a sufferer from the disease 
which finally terminated his life. He acquired no skill as a 
tactician, and did not even render himself familiar with regi- 
mental drill. Only a fragment of his regiment was at any time 
under his command after leaving Benton Barracks, in May, 
1862, except for a short time in the vicinity of Fort Leaven- 



Biography. 167 

worth. That he would have administered the affairs of even a 
larger command, with consummate ability, had it been confided 
to him, will be conceded by all who were familiar with his great 
executive capacity. Whether, in an emergency, he would have 
developed military ability of a high order, cannot of course be 
determined. The opportunity was never presented to him, even 
on a limited scale. 

In the routine of camp duties and discipline, as might have 
been expected, he had no superior. That wonderful power to 
secure the attachment of those around him Avas never, on any 
other scene of actiori, so completely and usefully manifested, as 
it was among the oflScers and men of his regiment. They were 
always devoted and obedient to duty in his presence. He com- 
posed all their troubles, small and great, reconciled questions of 
rank, succession and privilege, and administered discipline with 
wonderful tact, patience and success. His previous station in 
civil life, and his evident strength of character and mind, se- 
cured him universal respect among the officers of all ranks in 
both the regular and volunteer army, with whom he came in 
contact. His dignity of manner and remarkably fine personal 
appearance, attacted attention alike in camp, on the march, 
on parade, and in the military court over which he presided. 
While he was with the regiment, he had the best horses, and 
was a free and graceful rider. He was an excellent shot with 
both carbine and revolver, and often in trials of skill elicited 
marks of astonishment and delight at his accuracy of range. 
He possessed indomitable physical courage, and it was re- 
marked that he was the coolest man, and the last on the re- 
treat in the stampede when he narrowly escaped capture by 
the bush-whackers near Fort Scott. Old soldiers spoke of 
the completeness of his preparations for defence, and of his 
watchful care for the camp at Rhea's Mills, which was in con- 
stant danger of attack while the main body ef the army was 
in front of the enemy at Prairie Grove. 

A more eloquent and elaborate tribute than this is due from 
me to William A. Barstow. During many years of arduous 
and embittered political warfare I was by his side, and in my 
profession it was frequently my duty, as it was my pleasure, 
to defend his character from partisan and personal assaults. 



168 Biography, 

I believe that he cherished for me a reciprocal regard, and our 
friendship was cemented in hardship, in danger, and amid 
scenes of blood to which we were called by common sentiment, 
of patriotic duty. He fills a soldier's grave, for he as truly 
died in the cause of his country as if he had received a fatal 
wound in battle. And I shall never cease to cherish his mem- 
ory, for his many manly virtues; for his intripid spirit, which 
was not disturbed either in the decisive emergencies of political 
conflict, or in more trying vicissitudes of peril and distress; for 
the integrity with which he adhered to one set of principles 
and to one set of friends throughout his public career; and 
as the foremost man, living or dead, in the Democracy of the 
State ! 

Governor Barstow offered me the situation of State Geolo- 
gist, but I refused it. 



SIMEON MILLS 
Was born in Litchfield County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1810; was re- 
moved to Ashtabula County, Ohio, in early life, and brought 
up on a farm. At the age of twenty he engaged in mercantile 
pursuits, and followed that business for several years. 

Early in the summer of 1836, he came to Wisconsin, spend- 
ing the remainder of the summer and autumn in the south west 
part of the Territory. Returning east in December, he again 
came to Wisconsin, and settled in Madison, June 10, 1837. 

Soon after he erected a small building, 16 by 18 feet, of 
hewed logs, on lot 8, block 108, | purchased a small assortment 
of goods in Galena, and in company with John Catlin, under 
the firm of Catlin (fc Mills, opened the first mercantile establish- 
ment in the Territory south of Fort Winnebago, between Mil- ' 
waukee and Dodgeville. 

As a considerable number of workmen, including one family, 
arrived at Madison at that time, to commence the erection of 
the Territorial Capitol, the business of this pioneer mercantile 
establishment, although not very extensive, was by no means 
so limited as might well be imagined from the fact that, up to 
that time the whole white population of Dane County consisted 
of Ebenezer Brigham, at Blue Mounds, and the family of Eben 
Peck, with a few transient guests at Madison. 



Biography. 169 

John Catlin having been appointed Postmaster of Madison, 
the building, above referred to, did double duty as a store and 
city post oflBce. 

The only mails at that time were received, occasionally, 
from Mineral Point and Fort Winnebago; but in the autumn 
of that year, a contract for carrying a weekly mail from Mil- 
waukee to Madison was awarded to Mr. Mills, who commenced 
the service without delay. 

On the 12th of August, 1837, Mr. Mills was appointed Jus- 
tice nf the Peace in and for the County of Dane, and for some 
time held the only office of the kind in said county. His first 
official act was performing the marriage ceremony between 
Oliver Amel and Joseph Pclkie, two Frenchmen, and two 
accomplished ladies of the Winnebago nation. 

In the spring of 18'>0, the County of Dane was organized for 
judicial purposes, and Mr. Mills was appointed Clerk of the 
Supreme Court of the Territory, and also Clerk of the U S. 
District Court of the County of Dane, which last office he held 
for about nine years. 

Mr. Mills was the last Treasurer of the Territory, and on the 
orofanization of the State Government, was elected the first 
Senator of Dane County, and received a renomination at the 
expiration of his term, but declined the honor, and has not been 
an active po'itlcian since that time. 

Retiring from politics thus early, and devoting himself to 
business, he has long since taken rank amongst the wealthy 
men of Dane county. 

Mr. Mills was appointed one of the Trustees of the Wiscon- 
sin State Hospital for the Insane, by Governor Randall, in 
April, 1860, and has held the office up to the present time; it 
being an honorary position, Avithout salary, may account for its 
being so long filled by others than active politicians . 

At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, Mr. Mills was 
Paymaster General of the State, and disbursed nearly the en- 
tire war fund of Wisconsin, and so far as we know to the entire 
satisfaction of all concerned. 

He has at different times engaged in various kinds of busi- 
ness; but his main energies, for the last thirty years, have been 
directed to the erection of buildings for rent and other purposes; 



170 Bio 



a R A P H Y . 



and he has, probably, erected move buildings than any other 
four men together that ever lived in Madison. 

Commencing in Madison, when it consisted of but one log 
house, he has lived to see it a beautiful city of more than ten 
thou and inhabitants. 

The city of Madison owes its present prosperous condition 
more to the energy, perseverance and business talents of the 
gentleman at the head of this brief sketch, than, perhaps,, to 
any other person to be found in the State. One who settles 
down in a wilderness, builds a log cabin of small dimensions, 
commences business, small though it may be, initiates im- 
provements, and continues himself, by accumulated wealth, still 
to improve, deserves high praise. Mr. Mills is such a person; 
and now he sees the wilderness and the cabin replaced by a 
beautiful little city, and a stately capitol, though yet in the 
prime of life. He has been assisted, it is true, by many wor- 
thy citizens, but he has been the pioneer. 



ANDREW PROUDFIT. 

The subject of this sketch was born in Argyle, Washington 
County, New York, in August, 1820. Came to the Territory 
of Wisconsin, in June, 1842. He immediately took possession 
of the S. W. 1 of section 12, in the town of Brookfield, which 
was then in Milwaukee county. This land was on the Rock 
River Canal reservation, anu was not then in market — was held 
for a time by possession. The first season he drew the mate- 
rial from Milwaukee for a small house with an ox team, and 
took possession of it, and occupied it the first winter without 
being lathed or plastered. He dug and stoned up a well 20 feet 
deep from his own labor, by exchanging work with a neighbor- 
ing settler, and also chopped 13 acres of heavy timber into log- 
ging length, piled the brush and made the rails during that win- 
ter. He cleared GO acres, set out an orcliard, built a barn, and 
finally sold the farm to B, Butterfield in the fall of 1847. He 
was bookkeeper for Shephard and Bonnell, in Milwaukee, from 
April, 1844, to April, 184G. He then entered into a business 
arrangement with Paraclete Potter, of Milwaukee, to go to 



Biography. 171 

Delafield (then in Milwaukee county), and improve a large 
track of land, build a mill, and run a store. He did a verj 
large business at Delafield for six years. In 1852 he was 
elected Commissioner of the Fox and Wisconsin River Im- 
provement, and re-elected in 1853. During the early part of 
the year 1853, the works were transferred by the State to a 
Stock Company, and there being no longer any public duty to 
perform, he closed that season by building three miles of the 
Milwaukee and Watertown Railroad under a sub contract. In 
the year 1854 he built the south wing of the Penitentiary, 
with 280 cells of solid limestone, including floors and ceilings, 
and with 280 iron doors, and completed the same between 
April and October of that year. In November, 1854, he took 
the contract for building the State Lunatic Asylum at Madi- 
son, and commenced the work immediately. During the fall 
and winter of 1854 and 55, he expended in lumber, material, 
excavations, and other preparations to complete the work ac- 
cording to contract, $19,300.00, when the Legislature repudi- 
ated the contracts. By an act of the Legislature in 1856, 
this matter was settled by a board of arbitrators, consisting of 
Hon. Tim 0. Howe, Hon. Wra. Pitt Lynde, and Frederick S. 
Lovell of Kenosha, who decided the contracts valid, and bind- 
ing upon the State, but denied prospective profit, and merely 
allowed the contractor for the value of the material then on 
hand, amounting to some $7000. Loss to the contractor some 
$12,500, beside cost and interest. In the winter of 185) he 
exchanged his unsold property at Delafield with Beriah Brown, 
for property at Madison, and moved from Delafield to Madison 
in the spring of 1855. In the years 1858 and 1859, he repre- 
sented the Madison District in the State Senate. In the year 
1864 he built the north wing of the State Capitol, and put in 
the foundation to the Rotunda and south wing to the water- 
table. In the year 1867 he built and competed the last two 
wings of the State Lunatic Asylum, at Madison. In the spring 
of 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city of Madison, and again 
elected in 1870 by very large umjorities. During the war he 
had a large number of contracts for subsistence, and other sup- 
plies for Wisconsin soldiers. He has also been connected 
with one of the largest Agricultural Implement houses in the 



172 Biography. 

State since the year 1S62. Every private business agreement, 
and every contract with the State and iviththe Oeneral Govern- 
ment have been fulfilled in a perfectly satisfactory manner, ex- 
cept the first Asylum contract, and ihat was repudiated under 
a hue any cry against Gov. Barstow's administration; and any 
one who will examine the record will find it was a very unpro- 
fitable job for the State. He is at present the Vice President 
of the First National Bank in Madison. He came to Wiscon- 
sin without means, and with a widowed mother and family under 
his care, and his success is the fruits of untiring and well di- 
rected energy. This is a specimen of the class of men that 
have developed the resources of our State so rapidly. 

Very few persons could be found having sufficient courage 
to commenc*-, and fewer still possessing sufficient physical 
power to perform the vast amount of labor required to ac- 
complish all the subject of this sketch has done with his own 
hands. He must have been blessed with herculean strength 
to enable him to do all that has been here enumerated. He 
has been blessed with strong intellect also, as is proved by 
the manner in which he discharged the duties of the various 
positions he has filled from time to time. 



WILLIAM WELCH. 

This gentleman was born at Lorraine, in the county of Jeffer- 
son, N. Y., on the 12th November, 1821, and at the age of 
fifteen, graduated from the district school of that place, and 
went to the village of Watertown, 19 miles distant, and appren- 
ticed himself with a Mr. Cory, to learn the art of printing. 
Cory, soon after, selling out to a Mr. Noble, he took advantage 
of the sale, repudiated his article of indenture, and demanded 
and received living compensation for his labor. In 1840, he 
became associated with Mr. R. S. Hunt in the publication of 
the " Carthagenian," at Carthage, in that county. The enter- 
prise was a dead failure, and in the same year he returned to 
Watertown, and purchased the establishment in which he had 
learned his trade, Mr. Noble retiring. The paper was known 
as the Watertown " Register,'" and was published by Mr. W. 
until June, 1843, when he formed a business partnership with 



Biography. 173 

a Joel Greone, and commenced the publication of the Black 
River " Journal." The partnership not proving very profit- 
able, in January, 1844, Mr. W. retired from the establishment, 
and in October of that year, emigrated to Rockford, in the 
State of Illinois. Having an eye to the law, he formed a law 
partnership with a Mr. Miller, which lasted but a few months, 
when he went to Springfield, and during the winter of 1845, 
worked as compositor and pressman upon public printing. In 
May he went to St. Louis, and engaged himself as a compositor 
upon the Missouri " Republican," a morning paper. Being at- 
tacked with chills and fever, he made tracks for the maternal 
home at Rockford, and during the " long and gorgeous months 
of summer," swallowed potations of every villianous compound 
known to medical quackery, and shook every ounce of flesh from 
his bones. In the fall, he visited his brother-in-law, Chester 
Bushnell, at Fountain Prairie, in Columbia county, Wis., and 
in December, with him, purchased the old " Madison Hotel," 
at Madison, and commenced hotel keeping. Bushnell soon re- 
tired, selling his interest to the late J. D. Welch, a brother of 
Mr. W., and in about a year thereafter, Peter H. Van Bergen 
bought out the brother, and the hotel was run by " Van Bergen 
and Welch." In 1849, Mr. W. retired from that business, and 
formed a law partnership with Mr. J. T. Clark, now of Kansas. 
Since then, he has made the practice of law his business, and 
has formed co-partnerships known to the profession as " Welch 
& Lamb," "Welch & Kissam" and " Welch & Botkin," the 
last named firm still possessing existence with a reasonable de- 
gree of vitality. With the exception of Hon. Geo. B. Smith, 
Mr. W. is the senior practising lawyer at the capitol, he having 
resided in Madison nearly twenty-eight years, 

Mr. W. was a justice of the peace in Madison for several 
years prior to the city organization in 1855. He ran twice for 
the office of Police Justice, and was each time defeated by Mr. 
A. B. Braley, — ^he has also been twice a candidate for alder- 
man in his own ward, and defeated each time. In 1848, he was 
chairman of the whig state central committee, and in that year 
was a candidate for State Senator, with the same unvarying re- 
sult, Hon. S. Mills being the successful competitor. He is one 
JO the charter members of Hope Lodge, No. 17, I. 0. 0. F., 



174 Biography. 

but for many years has stood upon the record as suspended, if 
not expelled, for non-payment of dues. In politics he is not a 
democrat, and holds that State governments should fortlnvith 
be abrogated Retaining an affection for his old colling, in 1865 
he established a small printing office in his residence, and is- 
sues a small sheet when inclined so to do. We should not omit 
to mention that Mr. W has devoted much time and money to 
fruit growing, and that he has upon his place an orchard of 
about 500 bearing apple trees. 

Mr. W. enjoys a State reputation, and which in some sense 
is national, as the Grand Seigneur of the Oriental Evangelical 
Order of 1001. He was chosen to this position against formid- 
able opposition, demonstrating that he had real strength when 
allowed to cope with a higher order of talent than that which 
often swarms at the polls. His competitors were the Honorable 
Mr. Briggs, of Grant, A. E. Elmore, of G. Bay, and Beriah 
Brown, now of Washington territory. The position is for life, 
and irrevocable. The Order is composed of the first men in 
the community, and its unseen and unknown charities are felt 
and appreciated by thousands. In the winter of 1849, Mr. W. 
performed the herculean labor incident to the initiation of over 
eirrht hundred candidates. In this labor he was materially as- 
sisted by Hon. Thomas Reynolds, the present efficient and 
popular pension agent at Madison. 

Mr. Welch prints a small sheet {Home Diary), whenever he 
feels inclined to do so; and whoever reads it, must acknow- 
led'^e that the editor possesses talents of a very high order. 
Mr. Welch's social qualities as a gentleman, his strict integrity, 
close attention to business, and his anxious desire to do jus- 
tice to his clients, and promote their interests by every legal 
means as a lawyer, entitle him to the appellation of— the 
peoples' lawyer. 

• THOMAS TOBIN 
Was born in the parish of Bansha, County of Tipferary, Ire- 
land, August 1st, 1807, and received his education, which em- 
braced a much higher and more extensive range than is here 
understood by the term " common school education," such as 
mathematics and other kindred sciences. He lived with his 



Biography. - 175 

father, Thomas Tobin, of Barnalough, till he came to America 
in 1836, landing in New York on the 1st day of June in the 
same year. Went to Oaksville, Otsego county, New York, in 
the same month; from thence to North Adams, Mass., in Oc- 
tober following, and worked in Brown and Tyler's print works 
as color mixer, till the fall of 1842, whe he left for Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin, where he landed on the 5th day of October, and 
settled in the town of Wauwatosa, Milwaukee county, in the 
same month, on the farm which he still occupies. Mr. Tobin 
was elected town Treasurer in 1851 and 1852; was elected 
Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors in 1^53, 54, 55, 
56 and 58, and Chairman of the County Board in 1858 ; was 
Justice of the Peace in the town of Wauwatosa in 1856, and 
Superintendent of the poor of Milwaukee county in 1859, 60 
and 61, and also in 1864 and Qo] was Supervisor from the 10th 
District in 1867, and was a member of the Assembly in 1873. 
He is at present secretary and superintendent of the Milwaukee 
and Brookfield IMacadamized Turnpike Road, having been 
elected to the same in 1857, and every year since. He was 
also town Assessor in 1866 and 1867. 

Competency and honesty ought at all times to be the best re- 
commendations to secure an office. In Mr. Tobin's case they 
have secured him an office every time he sought one. Though 
he received but a common school education, yet it was sound 
and thorough, and sufficiently extensive to qualify him for ordi- 
nary places; and, as to honesty, his claim to it is beyond ques- 
tion. The length of time he has been in public service, filling 
places of honor aud trust, proves that his competency and hon- 
esty have been duly appreciated. 



EDWIN D. BANGS 

Was born in the town of Courtwright, Delaware county, New 
York, in 1839; got the rudiments of education in Maryland till 
he arrived at the age of nine years, when ho came to Waupun, 
Wisconsin, where he attended an academy for eight years. 
Having finished his academic education, he went with his pa- 
rents to Mankato, Minn., where he remained till 1861, and 
where he learned the trade of a machinest. In 1861, he en- 



176 Biography. 

listed in the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, commanded by Colonel 
Edward Daniels, as master blacksmith, ranking as brevet se- 
cond Lieutenant. He went with the regiment to Missouri, 
Arkansas, Cape Girardean. Then the regiment was placed 
under the command of General Curtis, under whom he served 
during the war. In 1864 he came to Racine, Wisconsin, and 
from thence went to Burlington, where he opened a photograph 
gallery, having previously served his time in St, Louis with 
one of the first artists in that city. Went to Whitewater, 
where he remained but one year; then went to Chicago, where 
he acted for six years as commercial agent for the house of R. 
B. Appleby; and from Chicago he came to Milwaukee, and 
opened a gallery on Wisconsin street, which he conducts with 
considerable success. He was married in September, 1868, to 
Miss M. E. Blake, of Brooklyn, N. Y. 

The biographer has had frequent opportunities of seeing Mr. 
Bangs at work, and he can state from personal knowledge, that 
Mr. Bangs is very expert, and most judicious in the manage- 
ment and arrangement of all the necessary machinery connected 
with his art, and that the likenesses sent out from his gallery 
are highly creditable to him as an artist. The large amount of 
his practice is the best proof which can be given that Mr. 
Bangs gives general satisfaction as an artist. 



REV, WESTWOOD W. CASE, 

At the present time pastor of the Asbury Methodist Episcopal 
Church in Milw^aukee, was born in Portland, ^^Chatauqua Co., 
N. Y., Dec. 13, 1838. 

He is the youngest of a large family of thirteen children. 
At the age of seventeen years, having received a good academic 
education, he engaged in public school teaching with the view 
of obtaining means, with which he might pursue the study of 
law, which he had chosen for his profession. 

His first teaching was done in a rural district in his native 
town. In his eighteenth year he was teacher in the village of 
Sinclairville, and at the age of nineteen he became principal of 
the public schools in Dunkirk, N. Y. During his residence 
in that place he became the subject of religious impressions. 



Biography. 177 

which led him to unite himself with the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, and having taught in Dunkirk less than two years, he 
resigned his position there to enter upon the work of the Chris- 
tian ministry. 

The first five years of his clerical life were spent in New 
York. In 1864 he came to this State, and united with the 
Wisconsin Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

With one exception he has always remained upon his fields 
of labor to the utmost limit of the law of his church — the limit 
being three years. 

Mr. Case is now approaching the end of his third year as 
pastor of the Asbury Church, where he has gathered a large 
and intelligent congregation, filling the church to its utmost 
capacity. 

He is a hard student and a great lover of books. His lib- 
rary, which is well selected, is said to be about the largest in 
possession of any settled pastor in the State. He is not, how- 
ever, a mere student of books, he studies nature and men as 
well^ as his preaching plainly indicates. 

The Rev. Mr. Case is one of the most popular preachers in 
Milwaukee, and is universally liked by all the members of his 
congregation. The idea of parting with him at the end of his 
term, according to the regulations of his church, is looked for- 
ward tofwith great regret. It is rather hard that a clergyman, 
who, by his^talent and zeal collects a large congregation, and 
renders himself a universal favorite, should be sent away 
among strangers, and the ties of friendship and love, which 
mutually bound them together, cut at short notice. 



WILLIAM M. RASDELL 

Was born in the town of Bowling Green, Warren county. State 
of Kentucky, on the 1st day of April, 1819, and educated in 
the same town. His brother, Eurius Rasdell and himself, car- 
ried on the business of farming, and ran a grist mill together 
for three years. The subject of this sketch came to Wisconsin 
in 1842, and took up his residence at Madison, where he car- 
ried on the livery business for about two years, and commenced 
11 



178 B I o n R A P H V. 

to build the City Hotel. Was appointed Deputy Sheriff and 
Jailer of the County, which offices he held for four years, ter- 
minating in 1849. when he went to California, accompanied by 
a prominent citizen of Madison. Immediately, on arriving in 
California, he commenced the business of mining, at which he 
continued till 1855, when he returned to Madison. 

While engaged in the mining business, he amassed a consi- 
derable sum of money, a large part of which he lost by specula- 
tion. After having returned to Madison, he kept the City 
Hotel for the term of three years, and continued building and 
trading in property all the time, and now he keeps the Rasdell 
House, in Henry street, which he has recently purchased. Be- 
fore the opening of this present house, he renovated it from top 
to bottom in a style which does credit to his taste, and con- 
ducts it in a manner which has already gained for it a high 
reputation, combining, as it does, great comfort, a good table 
on reasonable terms, and unremitting attention on the part of 
the landlord to provide for the wants and wishes of his guests. 



LOUIS G. JORAN. 

Louis G. Joran was born in the city of Vienna, capital of 
Austria, on the 21st of February, 1830, and received the rudi- 
ments of education at home from his parents at an early age, 
being able to read and write when five years old. He 
is one of fifteen children, of whom only one brother and two 
sisters are still living. At the age of four years, a talent for 
drawing began to show itself, being able to cut out all sorts 
of animals from a sheet of blank paper, with a pair of scis- 
sors. This talent for drawing having unmistakably manifest- 
ed itself in the child, his father who was collector and custo- 
dian of the famous collection of sketches, water color draw- 
ings and engravings by the most eminent artists of the old 
schools, as well as of the modern, gave him every advantage 
within his reach to develope it. This collection was the pri- 
vate property of the Arch Duke Charles, the hero of the bat- 
tle of Leipzic, and at present in possession of his imperial 
highness the Arch Duke Albrecht, and open on a certain day 



Biography. 179 

in the week to the public at the palace of St. Augustin, in 
Vienna. 

The progress of the youthful artist was guided by many 
artists, such as R. Theer, Boehm, Amerling, and others, be- 
sides the professors of the academy there. When eleven 
years he was quite a proficient in pencil and crayon drawing, 
and showed a great love for music. At this time he began 
to learn to play on the violin and piano forte, making but 
slow progress for a time, but on approaching his twelfth year, 
music became a passion. The opportunity he had of attend- 
ing the concerts and operas, and hearing all the leading artists, 
such as Liszt, Thalberg, Clara Schumann, SchulhoflFand others, 
contributed a great deal to the development of his taste. As 
a linguist, he acquired a great facility in speaking French, 
German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. His father was a 
great linguist, and through his own English relations acquired 
a knowledge of English very early in life. About the time 
when his artistic career could have become decided, the excite- 
ment for railroads, steamboats and telegraphs became preva- 
lent in Austria, and his father concluded to let him graduate at 
the Polytecnic College, where he went through a thorough 
course of mathematics, natural and mechanical philosophy, 
chemistry, civil engineering, architecture and surveying, which 
occupied eight years, including two years practice as a civil 
engineer, still his progress in drawing, painting and music 
was not checked or neglected, but enthusiastically pursued. 
He visited most countries on the European continent, includ- 
ing a portion of Germany, Avhere, when in Munich, he became 
acquainted with Baron Kanfstengel, a photographer of celebrity, 
and the famous artists, Dietz and Kaulbach, through letters of 
introduction from his uncle, Johann Grund, an artist of con- 
siderable fame, residing still in Baden Baden, whose works 
can be found in all the great art galleries of Europe. Her 
Majesty, Queen Victoria, is in possession of a Master piece 
of his; and, in 1860, there was a large picture — friendship, 
love and truth — exhibited in the International Art Gallery 
in New York city, which was purchased by Louis Mack, of 
the firm of Mack 6c Bunker, Wall street, for $1000. L. G. 
Joran went to England, and made many acquaintances in 



180 Biography. 

London, Manchester and Liverpool. His versatility of ta- 
lents and fluency in the English language, brought him in 
contact with many literary, artistic and musical characters; 
and his stay in England he remembers as one of the most 
pleasant parts of his life. One day he made the acquaint- 
ance of Mr. Adam Howard, at the Crystal Palace at Syden- 
ham, a clerical gentleman of great learning, and a great tra- 
veler, having been in Turkey, Greece, Palestine and Egypt. 
The clerical gentleman proposed to him, if he should like to 
visit the tropics, in the capacity of private tutor to two boys 
of his nephew, a wealthy merchant in Pernambuco, Brazil. 
In raptures the subject of this sketch accepted the offer, and 
sailed for Brazil in 1856. He gained there the reputation 
of an excellent instructor, and came in contact with the Bra- 
zilian nobility, and received a liberal offer from the Brazilian 
government to stay permanently in the country; but the mo- 
notony of tropical life, and the great desire to visit, at least 
the United States, finally predominated; and after collecting a 
great number of original sketches of tropical scenery, flowers 
and fruits, and many specimens of the insect world, he left 
Brazil in April, 1860, and arrived the following month in the 
city of New York, where, furnished with letters of introduction, 
by both his uncles, Johann and Francis Grund, Esq., and other 
friends, he called on Simon Draper, Esq., Louis Mack and 
others, who soon posted him in American life and business 
ways. Simon Draper and Francis Grund had been intimate 
friends. Francis Grund is well known amongst the politicians 
of former days, having been several times Consul and Charge 
d'Affair for the United States, in France, Belgium and Italy, 
and at the time of L. G. Joran's arrival in New York city, 
Consul at Havre. Becoming acquainted with Mr. Renwick, 
the well known architect of N. York city and Washington, D. 
C, he filled a vacancy in his office, and drew the plans and 
specifications of the now well know Vassar College at Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y. The same year the political excitement stop- 
ped all public and private undertakings, and late the same sum- 
mer he set out west, visiting on his tour all the principal cities, 
such as Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Cincinnati and 
other places, until St. Louis seemed to become a halting place. 



Biography. 181 

There, thrown amongst entire strangers, and dependent on his 
own resources, he took the appointment as head teacher oi the 
department of music, drawing and modern languages, in Dan- 
ville Female Academy, where he remained for two years, earn- 
ing the reputation of an accomplished gentleman and excellent 
teacher, with a high recommendation from the late James H. 
Robinson, Esq., then Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
the State of Missouri. 

The excitement of the war proved also contagious to him, 
and taking side with the Union, he recruited a company of 
cavalry, and after drilling and doing duty during the civil war 
in Missouri, he resigned his commission and returned to civil 
life. At this time he left Missouri, and his career and pros- 
pects of success in this country received a severe shock by the 
sudden death of his uncle, Francis Grund, who had been al- 
ways a friend of great influence to him, and died of apoplexy in 
Philadelphia. 

A short time afterwards, he received the sad news of his 
father's death in Vienna. Undecided what vocation to follow, 
he met some acquaintances from Chicago, at Cairo, 111., who ad- 
vised him to go to that city. Soon after his arrival there, he 
worked as fresco painter, scenic artist, and in ink and water 
colors for several Photographers. The difficulty of making 
great head way in forming influential acquaintances, and the 
apparent facilitj'' to obtain music scholars, or a situation as 
teacher, made him choose the latter in a college, for a year; 
after which time, in the fall of 1866, he went east to New York, 
where he was disappointed in obtaining what was due to him, 
and forming a new engagement, which would have enabled him 
to pursue an artistic occupation with more success. So, disap- 
pointed and forsaken as he was, after having just arrived to 
witness the funeral of Simon Draper, whom he hoped to see 
alive, and finding most of his old acquaintances and friends 
gone away or deceased, he returned west, and selected Mil- 
waukee, which city on a former visit seemed to have made some 
pleasant impressions as his abode. 

The year following he became acquainted with an amiable 
and accomplished young lady, whom he married under favorable 
auspices; having back pay for his military services in Missouri 



182 Biography. 

due to him, and good prospects for settling in St. Louis. But 
difficulties arose and delayed the collection considerable. Chi- 
cago in the meantime was chosen as a field of enterprise, as the 
chances for success seemed favorable, but new disappointment^ 
appeared. First, letters, which six months previous had ar- 
rived in care of one whom he supposed to be a friend, were 
carelessly neglected to be forwarded to him, and when received 
they contained the very sad news of his beloved mother's death, 
whom he had hoped to see at least once more in life. A few 
days later, after he had secured a studio to work in, having re- 
ceived some orders, all his tools, books, sketches and specimens 
of work were destroyed by fire on a Sunday night, when he was 
at home in another part of the city. Still, he soon secured a 
room with a photographer, and was generously helped by a 
very prominent artist, and a few more friends, to go ahead 
again. But, all of a sudden, an attack of rheumatism paralized 
the use of his right hand, and totally frustrated all attempts to 
follow his profession. 

According to the advice of several physicians, he removed to 
a more healthy locality, Freeport, 111., where he, assisted by 
his wife, established a musie school with very good success. 
In 1870, late in the fall, the use of his hand was completely re- 
stored, and, eagerly, he took up his favorite vocation; painted 
a number of fancy pictures and portraits with great satisfac- 
tion, and set out on a tour in Iowa, where he painted over 
fifty portraits. 

Preferring a permanent residence, he moved back to Mil- 
waukee, the birth-place of his wife, who is a very intelligent 
and accomplished lady, and enjoys a reputation of being a 
very efficient teacher of music. He has opened a studio, and 
gives also instruction in pencil and water color drawings to 
a number of pupils of some of the best families in the city. 



Biography. 183 



GEORGE W. LAKIK. 

To write that a person was born-- was ground through the 
mill, and cognomened and diplomaed to a vocation which re- 
quires, in form, a moral character, is of little moment. 

The exterior life only is exhibited to the world. The inte- 
rior is known and appreciated to, and by the few. To hear 
and to see encomiums pronounced over objects of vile senti- 
ments and abandoned principles, may not induce controversy, 
but, inevitably, tend to create a disrelish in the honest mind 
for productions of that sort. 

The soul of the man — its standing with, and its relation to 
God — its faith in a present, an omni-present and omnipotent 
Christ, through whom alone immortality and eternal life are 
proffered, are subjects which are too often passed unheeded. 
Though these are the essential elements from which a correct 
judgment can be formed respecting a man's career in life. To 
delineate the thoughts, emotions, qualities, characteristics — 
the FAITH of a specimen of humanity, is no common task. 
To do it badly, it were better not done. 

An abusive is sometimes better than a complimentary word, 
for the one about whom it is spoken. This is shown by 
the following incident : 

During the war, business was dull, and the courts came 
nearly to a stand still. But, all of a sudden, a cloud hung 
over Hazel-Green, in Grant county, and the region round 
about. And thereupon, about 75 of the old settlers were 
sued in ejectment, by processes from the United States 
Circuit Court, at Milwaukee, to oust them from their homes, 
their lots and farms, which they had purchased nearly 20 
years prior to that time, and had held by title under ad- 
ministrator's sale, which the plaintiff claimed was radically 
defective, so that no title was acquired by the purchaser. 
A prolonged earthquake, rocking the whole country on and 
about the 4th principal meridian could not have produced a 
greater sensation of alarm. A non-resident was, at least m 
form, the plaintiff. The actions were all in the Federal 



184 Biography. 

Court, which was a terror to the inhabitants, as it was re- 
puted to be signally in favor of non-residents. Besides, 
it was not to be disguised that the administrator's sale, un- 
der which the defendants purchased and claimed title, was 
exceedingly loose and disconnected. The appointment of an 
administrator, a license to sell, and an administrator's deed 
were about all that could be found. 

The plaintiffs made great efforts to compromise and to be 
bought off. Jefferson Crawford, a distinguished man and capi- 
talist of the place, was elected a leading defendant. He and 
others consulted Judge J. T. Mills, of Lancaster, and em- 
ployed him to go to Milwaukee, and to employ counsel there 
where the United states Court was held, and where the cases 
would probably be tried, if he thought it best to do so. He 
accordingly went to Milwaukee, and was authorized to employ 
counsel there in his discretion, and, so far as possible, to take 
care that the defendants receive no detriment. He accordingly 
started on his mission. He made up his mmd that, if he em- 
ployed any lawyer, he must be one who could not be manipu- 
lated or appropriated by the other side in the least degree, or 
under any circumstances. As he subsequently expressed him- 
self, he wanted a champion " to raise the black flag" — to ask 
no favors and to grant none. Mills had been personally ac- 
quainted with Lakin. They had practiced in the same courts, 
generally, on opposite sides, in the western part of the State, 
from 184 1 to 1854, so that they knew pretty well what each 
other was made of. On Mills arrival at Milwaukee, he avoided 
seeing Lakin until he could interview Mr. Gill, the plaintiff's 
counsel. Mills concluded that the counsel, that he, Mills should 
employ, must be a man that Mr. Gill preferred should not he 
retain»d. 

Judge Mills hastened to call at the office of the plaintiff's 
counsel, and at once began to speak about the case, and said, 
among other things, that the defendants would be obliged to re- 
tain counsel at Milwaukee, and he enquired about this, that 
and the other gentlemen of the bar, each of whom Mr. Gill 
pronounced as unobjectionable. 

Judge Mills then mentioned the name of George W. Lakin, 
and enquired how it would do to employ him ? At this Mr. 



Biography. 185 

Gill, a man of small stature, rose up to almost gigantic propor- 
tions, and vociferated vehemently — ''^ Have nothing to do with 
Mm. He is the est 1 in Milwaukee !^ 

At this point Judge Mills took his hat and hastened, at full 
speed, to Lakin's office, and made known his errand as follows: 
" I want to employ you in behalf of the Hazel Green people, 
who are sued by speculators to oust them from their homes." 

In the course of time, the leading test case, Comstock vs. 
Crawford, was tried and went to the Supreme Court of the 
United States, and was decisive of all the others, in favor of 
the defendants. 

When Mr. Gill paid the costs, which were no small sum, he 
assigned as a reason why he took the cases on speculation, or 
at his own risk, that a long list of lawyers in the western part 
of the State had expressed their opinion that the probabilities 
of recovering against the defendants were not less than one 
thousand to one. 

Lakin was careful to keep the matter a profound secret — i. e. 
in regard to how he happened to be employed; lest the plain- 
tiff's counsel should claim a moiety of his fee, in consideration 
of the superlative indorsement of his standing and ability ! 
Such claim is now barred by limitation, so that it is now a mat- 
ter of conscience whether or not Mr. Gill should be the recip- 
ient of a check for such moiety. 

Anson Ballard,. of Appleton, Wis,, was a lawyer of thorough 
education, of distinguished ability, and what is more, of an 
unblemished moral and Christian character. By industry, la- 
bor and well directed efforts, and without any of the uncon- 
scionable practices, which are common to many financiers, he 
amassed a fortune. He was largely interested in real estate in 
and about the city of Appleton. The counsel of the heirs of 
Edward L. Mead saw, or thought chey saw, a clause, condition 
or proviso in a deed, under, and through which Ballard claimed 
title, which would give to them the bulk of his real estate. Suit 
was brought by Mead against Ballard, in the United States 
Circuit Court at Milwaukee. Ballard employed Lakin as his 
sole csunsel. The case involved great research and labor. It 
was tried, and the result was in favor of the defendant. The 
plaintiff's counsel feeling sure of ultimate success, took the case 



186 Biography. 

to the Supreme Court of the United States, where it was argu- 
ed in person by H. L. Palmer for the plaintiff, and by G. W. 
Lakin for the defendant, and was decided in favor of Ballard. 
This suit was really a great benefit to ^(r. Ballard, because it 
cleared off what many supposed to be a defect in the title lo his 
property. 

To be employed by so critical and learned a lawyer as Anson 
Ballard, and that, too, when a great part of his large fortune 
was in peril in the suit, was no trifling compliment. No man 
was better qualified to judge of professional skill and labor than 
Anson Ballard. He was always perfectly composed, and ap- 
parently unconcerned, and gave his counsel as little trouble as 
was consistent. Yet he was careful to see what was being done, 
and what preparation was being made for the conflict; anu when 
he saw the indexes and evidences of labor in his behalf, he 
rested and left the matter to his counsel. 

In the fall of 185-4, John Rycraft was indicted in the Federal 
Court at Milwaukee, for aiding in the escape of one Joshua 
Glover, a fugitive slave. The trial came up in January, 1855. 
J. R. Sharpstein, the U. S. Att'y, assisted by the Hon. E. G. 
Ryan, stood for the prosecution, and Lakin &. Steever for the 
defence. 

Sherman M. Booth was also indicted; but Rycraft was 
crowded to the front to take the first shot and shell of the 
enemy. It was the first case of the kind in the State, and the 
pro-slavery sharks were for holding a carnival. The trial 
came on. A good jury was impannelled. Mr. Ryan, a gen- 
tleman of Demosthenean capacity and force, took the burden of 
the prosecution, and, in his inimitable style portrayed the aw- 
ful and terrible consequences of allowing the prisoner victim to 
evade the maw of the slavery-god. He apparently believed 
every word that he uttered, and the judge on the bench failed 
to conceal that he, too, realized that the prosecution was 
right. 

Mitchell Steever opened the defence, and sought to show the 
the tyrannical proclivities of the Southern brethren. The Court 
interrupted him, and signified, in substance, that that was not 
allowable. Lakin heard what was said, and resolved that when 
his time came to speak, he would not be circumscribed. Any 



Biography. 187 

one who heard him on that occasion can vouch for the fact that 
he held to the resolution. That he arrayed the North against 
the South, and Heaven against Hell, in the interest of his 
client, no listener could doubt. The Court seemed to accept of 
the condition of things in respect to the assertion of the liberty 
of speech, and to console itself with the idea that the law gave 
it the final charge. No adequate idea can be given of Lakin's 
closing argument. The consequences of Southern tyranny, 
and slave-holding brutality, if persisted in, were painted to 
the imagination, and brought forth, as it were in a vivid pano- 
rama. He predicted that the realization of the apocalyptic 
vision of blood was at hand— even at the very threshhold of the 
door. That, in the conflict, there could be no doubt on which side 
would be the right-arm of omnipotence ; that time-serving 
judges and courts miglit subserve the policy of traffickers in the 
bodies and souls of mankind; but that Almighty God would 
vindicate the righteous cause, and that right early. That 
whatever web of folly the prosecution might weave, it would 
speedily be rent in twain from top to bottom, and the shreds of 
the fabric hurled in defiance to the teeth of its inventors. 

The Court being honestly of the opinion that the prisoner 
should be convicted, labored to that end, and shaped its utter- 
ances accordingly. Without absolutely disregarding the in- 
structions of the judge, the jury was obliged to convict, and 
did so. 

Lakin moved au arrest of judgment, on the ground that it 
was not alleged in the indictment that Joshua Glover '' otved 
aervice or labor''' to any one. That is to say, the indictment 
did not show who Joshua Glover was, by any direct averment, 
or that he was black or a slave, or that he, in any form, was 
the sort of a person whom the act of Congress made it criminal 
to aid in escaping. Such omission and oversight in the indict- 
ment seemed almost Providential. The omitted averment was 
the hinge on which the whole thing must turn, as the counsel 
claimed. Without it no offence was charged, and the Court Avas 
"without jurisdiction. The counsel purposed to show that to be 
fatal to the whole proceedings. 

The Court denied the motion, and passed sentence on the 
prisoner, who was taken to jail. 



188 Biography. 

The Supreme Court was then sitting at Madison, composed 
of Edward V. Whiton, A. D. Smith and Samuel Crawford. 
The prisoner's counsel immediately drafted the papers for a 
Habeas Corpus, and took him before the Court. After a full 
hearing and argument, the Court unanimously ruled and decid- 
ed to release and discharge the prisoner on the grounds urged 
before the Federal Court. 

Rycraft was, therefore, finally acquitted, and was never 
troubled again. The case is meagrely reported in the 2, Wis. 
Reports. No report of the trial in the United States Court 
was ever published. To see and to hear everything that was 
done and said during its progress would be interesting, though 
that is impossible. 

Time and space will not admit of even a reference to the 
numerous cases, both civil and criminal, which were attended 
to in person by George W. Lakin. A few of them are reported 
in the Wisconsin Reports, and a few in Wallace's Reports of 
the United States Supreme Court. In 1841, when he came to 
the bar in Grant county, there were giants in the field. Judge 
Charles Dunn, a clear-headed, well-educated, logical, dignified 
jurist, was on the bench as Chief Justice of the Territory. At 
that time, and from thenceforth, to succeed at all at the bar, it 
was necessary to be a thorough pleader. A quack could not 
stand in court a day. Thomas P. Burnett, Francis J. Dunn, 
Samuel Crawford, Edward V. Whiton, Ben. C. Eastman, E. 
B. Washburn, Nelson Dewey, J. Allen Barber, Moses M. 
Strong, M. M. Gothren, C. C. Washburn, besides several dis- 
tinguished lawyers residing at Galena, and at Dubuque, prac- 
ticed in Grant and the adjacent counties. It is no exaggera- 
tion to assert, that at no time has there been an abler bar in the 
State than existed there from 1841 to 1849. The lawyers in 
Galena, among whom were Thompson Campbell, Joseph P. 
Hoge, Thomas Drummond, John M. Douglass and Elihu B. 
Washburne, had, and have no superiors anywhere, and they 
frequently attended the courts in Grant, Iowa and La Fayette 
counties. With such intellectual giants at the bar, it became a 
new man to be sure that he was well grounded in the elements, 
and then to advance, with vigor, to the higher and deeper mys- 
teries of the law. With what ability Lakin held his own and 



Biography. 189 

fought his way in such a crowd, is well answered hy the fact, 
that after he removed to Milwaukee, in 1854, a great propor- 
tion of his business came from the lawyers in the western part 
of the State, and in Galena and Dubuque, who had been in per- 
sonal conflict with him; and no one of them ever evinced any 
doubt of his capacity or integrity. They knew that he was 
educated for his vocation, and that he had never sought any 
other. That when he was fairly in a case, its emoluments Avere 
a secondary consideration. That he could and would attend to 
a charity case with as much untiring zeal and earnestness, as if 
he expected a fortune from it. This was shown in the case of 
the United States against John Hahn, indicted for stea'ing let- 
ters out of the Post office at Milwaukee, and tried at Madison 
about 1860. The case occupied three or four days in July, 
and the jury was composed of able and clear-headed men, who 
acquitted the defendant. They were no doubt satisfied that a 
person must be innocent, who was defended, so zealously, with- 
out reward; and some of them did not disguise that such was 
their view of the case. 

But the order of this sketch seems to have been inadvertantly 
reversed, for which the writer must hasten to make amends. 

George W. Lakin was born in Harrison, Cumberland Co., 
Maine, on the 29th day of March, 1816. His father and mother 
lived and died at the old farm homestead, which is still occu- 
pied by two members of the family. He went to the common 
district schools, until about 14 years old, and then to the 
academy at North Bridgton, and from thence to the Maine 
Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, where he remained about 
five years, at the same time teaching and working during the 
vacations, and there took a thorough English and classical 
course, and graduated in June, 1837. Some of his school- 
mates were Rev. Joseph Cummings, of Middleton, Conn.; 
Bishop Davis W. Clark, late of Cincinnati; Rev. Sullivan H. 
"Weston, of New York; Dr. Edward Cook, Rev. James P. 
Weston, and Hon. E. B. Washburne, and many others. 

On the invitation of the last named gentleman, in the fall of 
1837, Lakin taught a three month's school, at East Livermore, 
Me., and boarded in Israel Washburne 's family a part of the 
time, and a part of the time at Dr. Bradford's, and with seve- 



190 Biography. 

ral of the first families in the neighborhood, and thej -srere all 
well pleased with the school, and did the handsome thing in 
paying. Before that school closed, he engaged to keep the 
winter District School in West Livermore, and did so; and then 
went over to Wayne, and kept a six week's school, which closed 
about the last of April, 1838. There were some very smart 
scholars in those schools. An ignoramus could not have stood 
his ground in one of them for two weeks. 

In May, 1^38, he commenced to read law at Readfield Cor- 
ner, and pursued his studies there nntil August, when he went 
to Phillips, in Franklin Co., and read law with Moses Sher- 
burne, a gentleman of eminence and legal ability. In the win- 
ter of 1838, he taught the village school at Phillips, and another 
school in another part of the town, about a mile from the vil- 
lage, and at the same time read law at all leisure hours, and 
after the schools closed, he continued his studies until the fall 
of 1839, and then started west, with but little money, but with 
resolution and a good constitution. To give a sketch of the 
zig-zag route and course which he took, would not comport with 
the object and limits of this article. It is necessary to jump 
over a long space to be filled up by the imagination. Saint 
Genevieve, Mo., was his next abiding place. He became ac- 
quainted with John Scott, a resident of that place, and then 
one of the oldest and ablest lawyers in the State. Getting short 
of funds, he went out, about 25 miles, to the Cook Settlement, 
and kept a loud school about six months and replenished the 
exchequer, and at the same time, having law books with him, 
he pursued his studies. In the summer of 1840, he returned to 
St. Genevieve, when John Scott invited him into his office 
and into his family. Scott proved of great value as an instruc- 
tor in the law. He put his student through daily examinations. 
In the summer of 1841, Lakin presented himself as a candidate 
for a license to practice law, and was examined by a distin- 
guished committee of the Missouri bar, and was licensed in due 
form agreeably to the laws of the State. He then came to 
Wisconsin, and finally opened an office in Platteville, in the 
fall of 1841, where he continued to reside until 1854. He never 
sought office, though he has filled several public stations. He 
was elected from Grant county to the convention that formed 



Biography. 191 

the Constitution of the State, to which his name appears, and 
took a prominent part in the deliberations of that body, as is 
shown by the journals and debates. He was elected from Grant 
county to the State Senate, was appointed on the Judiciary 
Committee, and drafted some of the more important laws that 
still remain in force in our Statutes. He was appointed U. S. 
District Attorney by President Taylor, and subsequently by 
President Fillmore, and continued to hold the office until after 
the election of President Pierce. Those positions came with- 
out any effort on his part, merely by the force of circumstances. 
He continues the practice of his profession at Milwaukee, 
where he has resided since 1854. 



EXTRACT FROM THE HISTORY OF MY TIME. 

" A friend in need is a friend indeed." In an article, com- 
mencing at page 129 of my work, I alluded to a well founded 
report that I had suffered heavy losses some time before, which 
it was supposed I could not bear. It may be seen in that article 
that the well known and far-famed Archbishop Whateley came 
to my assistance; and though I did not require his assistance, 
and therefore did not accept of what he so kindly intended, yet 
I was no less convinced of the sincerity of his friendship. 
Among the many friends who proposed to rescue me from my 
reported difficult position, I cannot omit the name of the Right 
Honorable Edward Litton, for many years Master in Chancery, 
in Ireland, whose death draws willing tears of regret and heart- 
felt sorrow from my eyes — organs which will never refuse to 
discharge the duty imposed on them by gratitude, though they 
have for some time back denied to me, their coeval associate, 
their assistance to read. 

The following article, copied from the " History of my Time," 
will show the sincerity of that gentleman's friendship for me. 



192 Biography. 

Castle Dawson, 10th June, 1847. 

John Gregory, Esq., &.c. &.c. 

My Dear G-regory : — An old friend of mine from London, 
called on me yesterday, and I asked him to spend the vacation 
with me at the Lodge in Altmore. My friend, Mr. Mulock, was 
at the head of the Treasury Department in London, when re- 
presenting one of the midland counties in Pai'liament. The 
Government sent him here to look after the disbursement of the 
money granted for the relief of the starving people of Ireland. 
He is one of the great orators of Ireland in by-gone days. You 
will find him one of the finest companions you ever met. Do 
come. I will lead you again, as I mean to devote all my time, 
while at Altmore, to shooting and fishing. 

I am, My Dear Gregory, yours truly, 

EDWARD LITTON.* 



* The Right Hon. Edward Litton died a few montht' ago, full of years, and crowned with 
lastina honors. He was a first rate lawyc", a ul acquired a larse fortune by his practice at 
the bur, wliich, with what he inheriteii, maij him, jierhaps, one of the richest men of his 
day, practising law at the bar, or dispensing ,ju-*tice o;i the bench. He possessed great legal 
knowledi-e, was an eloquent and energetic speaker, and as polite a gentleman as any in the 
Kingdom. He served in the E;i:?!ish Parliimenl, where he distinguished himself more by 
his general knowledge of Ireland, and tlie wisdom displayed in his advocacy of several mea- 
sures calculated to improve the condition of that fine country, than by the brilliancy of his 
eloquence. He was a Torj' in politics, and always voted against Catholic emancipation; 
which course, as a legislator, is not easily accounted for by anj' one acquainted with liis 
conduct toward persons of that persuasion ivith whom became in contact every day of his 
life in the way of business. This gentleman had scarcely a single tenant on his property, or 
in his employment but a Roman Catholic ; and it is a well known fact that no one connecte d 
with him in any of those relations ever went to the poor house; for wliich reason a special 
act of Parliament was passed, makin;; every piece of property he possessed an electoral di- 
vision by itself. It is also a well known fact that dui ing the famine in Ireland lie scarcely 
collected ashillingof rent; but, on the contrary, often drew on his private purse to provide 
food for those that had no money to purchase it. 



Biography. 193 

On the 12tli of June, we three started for Altmore, in the 
County Tyrone, by the mail coach, and arrived at our destina- 
tion in the evening. On the way we discussed many subjects 
connected with Ireland. Almost every one we met bore evi- 
dence of hunger, and every thing that could make our journey 
agreeable had fled. The fever patients that lined the back of 
the fences here and there along the road, stretched up their 
naked, schriveled arms as signals of distress. Master Litton 
said to me that he had made up his mind not to dine out till he 
returned to Dublin. " I know," said he, "that I will be ask- 
ed by Mr. Beresford, Sir Thomas Staples, Sir Hugh Stuart, 
and the Marquis of Abercorn, but I shall not go. You, how- 
ever, must go, for you dare not refuse. You will not be half a 
day at Altmore before Mr. Eeresford hears of it, and he will 
come up to see you and find me. To prevent that send out 
Pat Shields to kill a brace of hares, which you will send to Mr. 
Beresford, with a note, stating that you will pay your respects 
the next day to the family, and that will prevent him from com- 
ing." I did as he desired. But when Mr. Beresford received 
my note, he ordered his carriage, and drove up to ]V(r. Shields, 
accompanied by his son, the rector of a parish in a neighboring 
county, who was on a visit with him. On coming to Mr. 
Shields' house he was told that Mr. Litton, Mr. Mulock and I 
had gone to the fair, about a quarter of a mile distant, to which 
the Reverend Gentleman proceeded. On coming within a few 
rods of the fair, they came out of the carriage, and seeing the 
other two gentlemen and myself standing together within two 
rods of them, the elder gentleman ptlled my note out of his 
pocket, and holding it before him, cried out, " Found out, 
found out !" looking towards Master Litton all the time as he 
approached us, well knowing that he was concealing himself, 
as I had made no mention of his name in my note. After ex- 
changing civilities, Mr. Beresford asked us to dine. The other 
two declined, but I accepted the invitation and went. 

In a few days after I returned from Mr. Beresfords. Master 
Litton proposed to go to fish for eels in a mountain brook not 
far off, and on coming to a pretty deep hole in the brook he 
said to me that he would make a bet it contained 300 eels. I 

took him up. He would not have the bet less than X20, while 
12 



194 Biography. 

I wanted to make it not more than XI. He had a lot of tenants 
to bale out the water, and had also a copious supply of the na- 
tive for the work. I was to superintend the drainage of the 
hole, which Master Litton said was sufficient compensation to 
balance his expenses in supplying the needful. To work they 
went, and when arriving at the bottom, they found about one 
dozen of eels, not one of them longer than seven inches. In a 
day or two after he requested of me to go to another brook, 
where he would not be disappointed, promising that he would 
not venture to bet higher than £15. Having arrived at a large 
hole, he would bet it contained two hundred eels. The men 
went to work and succeeded in catching twenty-four eels. 
Having been unlucky in loosing two bets, he said he would not 
venture more in fishing, but would try me in killing game. I 
did not fancy the long walks, especially knowing that I could 
not hit a hay-stack at the distance of fifty yards; and I believe 
my competitor was not a much better shot than myself. He 
pretended to be mad at my refusal to give him a chance of win- 
ning back part of what he had lost; so I agreed to go. Before 
having started he fixed the bet at £^0. that he would bag half a 
dozen more than I would. On our return, both together count- 
ed seven birds after our day's shooting. We did not go very 
far, and returned at a pace resembling that of Lord Norbery 
and his man, which amounted to near a mile an hour; our man, 
who had charge of the horses, having arrived before us some- 
time in a walk. 

In the course of some days, I was requested to deliver a 
lecture on agriculture; to which the reporter of a paper, pub- 
lished at Omagh, the county town, was invited. I had to de- 
liver my lecture in the open air. It embraced thorough drain- 
age; the improvement of bogs and other waste lands; the best 
mode of cultivating different soils; the best mode of treating 
cattle, hogs, sheep, &c.; the best mode of conducting the 
dairy, so as to produce the largest quantity and best quality of 
butter; and concluded by pointing out the duty of landlord and 
tenant. Mr. Mulock moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer in 
a most eloquent and flattering speech; in terms, indeed, which 
I by no means deserved — in terms proceeding more from friend- 
ship recently formed, than from any merit to be found in either 



Biography. 195 

the knowledge or delivery cf the humble individual who was 
the subject of the venerable orator's eulogy. 

The motion was seconded by Master Litton, Avhose friendship 
for me carried him far beyond the region of moderation in my 
praise. His speech was published in the county newspaper of 
the day. 

The venerable orator left for Edinburgh the day after the 
lecture, which was numerously attended from the surrounding 
districts, and on arriving at the modern Athens, he wrote to 
Master Litton, who handed it to me immediate y on receipt of 
it, the following being a copy of it : 

Edinburgh, 30th June. 1847. 
Edward Litton, Esq., Master in Chancery. 

Dear Litton : — I arrived here yesterday evening, and have 
this morning written to Lord Clarendon about our friend, 
Gregory, advising that tne Government should never be with- 
out his services as long as he lives. I assured his Excellency 
that Mr. Gregory never even hinted to me to procure any office 
for him; but from what I knew of his general knowledge, I felt 
bound to recommend him, believing that the country contains 
very few, if any, his equal. I mentioned his name in connec- 
tion with yours, in order that his Excellency may consult you 
on the subject. 

T. MULOCK.* 

* Shortly after this Lord Clarendon was replaced by Lord Heytesbury. I heard no more 
on the subject till February, 1847, when I received a communication from the Castle, ap- 
pointing me Agricultural Lecturer of all the county agricultural lectures in Ireland, who 
were to assemble in Dublin for two months in the year (November and December) for that 
purpose. This situation had never existed before, nor has it been established since. It was 
specially made for me, which, however, I respectfully declined to accept, having previously, 
but reluctantly, promised the American Emigration Co-operative Society of Dublin to come 
out to this country as their Agent, to assist the Irish coming to America. The plan proposed 
by the Society, however, could not be carried into efl'ect, though apparently feasible, and 
doubtless dictated by the best and most charitable motives. A short time before the death of 
the Right Honorable Edward Litton, he sent me bis likeness, accompanied by a most friend- 
ly letter, in which he says, — " no one ever left Ireland to go to America, committed such a 
mistake as you have. You have left a country where you were generally known and re- 
spected, and your services duly appreciated, and went to a strange country where you 
had no friends, and that, too, in the decline of life, when it could not be expected you 
could establish a character such as you loft behind, built up in the vigor of youth and 
the prime of manhood. We all desire a long lite, but it is a sad thing to outlive all the 
friends of our youth. It is, however, a consoling belief that we shall meet them again 
in a better world." 

My friend pressed these bets on me for the express purpose of losing them, and thereby 
giving him a pretext to assist me in my need, after having suffered losses which he sup- 
posed I could not bear. He adopted this plan as the most delicate way to coulier a pe- 
cuniary favor on me without my feeling it. 



19G Biography. 

John Banks has been physician to the Lord Lieutenant's 
household at the Dublin Castle, for some thirty years, and was 
lecturer on medical practice in the Medical Institution of Dub- 
lin. He was also visiting physician of the Colleo;e of Civil En- 
gineering, Mining and Agriculture in Ireland, of which I had 
the honor of being President. The Doctor is the second son of 
Dr. Banks, a most eminent Surgeon of Ennis, county of Clare, 
Ireland, and brother of Piercy Banks, the well known London 
editor. The Protestant Dean of Limerick was president of the 
Educational Society of Ireland. The Dean, his brother, and 
several cousins, were my pupils; and his grand-uncle, the well 
known Judge Day, was my best friend and patron from boy- 
Rood. The two others, selected to deliver a probationary lec- 
ture, whom I knew well, were very good practical agricultural- 
ists, but never delivered a single lecture in their life. I men- 
tion these facts to show that I was sure of the Lectureship, had 
I not withdrawn my name as a candidate. His Excellency's 
kind offer shows that I did not come to America to improve my 
worldly condition for want of employment in Ireland. It is 
true, that all the public works in Ireland, carried on by private 
individuals and companies, had to be suspended by reason of 
the famine, which took all the available money of the country to 
help in providing food for the starving poor; therefore, my pro- 
fessional services, as Civil Engineer, were not required during 
the prevalence of that sad visitation. The following communi- 
cation, with a printed heading, is an additional proof that my 
services, in some capacity, were in requisition in my own 
country : 

CHURCH EDUCATION SOCIETY FOR IRELAND, 
No. 36, Dawson Street, Dublin. 

March 19 th, 1849. 
Sir : 

I am instructed to make known to you, that of the candidates 
for the " Agricultural Lectureship," in connection with this 
Society, you are one of three elected to deliver a probationary 
lecture on the Mechanical structure and general composition of 
Soils, as affecting the rotation of Crops, in the presence of such 
Members of the Committee as may find it convenient to be 
present. 



Biography. 197 

You will please, therefore, to attend at this office on Friday 
next, the 2Srd instant, at 4 o'clock, P. M., ar^d be prepared to 
deliver such lecture accordingly. 

Have the kindness to acknowledge the receipt of this letter. 
I am Sir, very faithfully yours, 

JOHN BANKS, Secretary. 
John Gregory, Esq., ' 

2 Lower Buckingham Street, Dublin. 



JABEZ M. SMITH, 

WHO DISCOVERED THE 

EUREKA. SPRIISrG. 



He who makes two blades of grass grow in place of one, is a 
public benefactor. He who is instrumental in prolonging hu- 
man life for one year, or even for a single day, deserves a place 
in the historical archives of his country. Every one who con- 
tributes anything to benefit his fellow man, morally, intellectu- 
ally, socially or physically, deserves his name to be preserved 
and transmitted to posterity. A knowledge of the fact that 
such was the grateful practice of the living, would gladden the 
heart of every good man, and induce him to persevere in good 
works and avoid evil. The God of nature has supplied tho 
earth with innumerable substances, which require ages to be 
applied! to their most useful purposes. In the course of time, 
science steps in and shortens the process. A knowledge of the 
science of chemistry and geology, enables the agriculturist to 
accomplish more in a single year than we could by trials and 
experiments in centuries, unassisted by scientific aids. The la- 
bor of the chemist, however, is sometimes abridged by the ope- 
rations of nature. The earth is the great laboratory of nature, 
which never ceases to operate in her own mysterious way, stor- 
ing up vast hidden treasures in deep caverns, lofty mountains 
and extensive plains, ready and prepared in the best manner 
for the use of man. Jabez M. Smith, of Milwaukee street, had 
the good fortune to discover one of those hidden treasures. The 
reader, no doubt, would be anxious to know something about 



198 Bioc;raphy. 

the history of the lucky discoverer of this hidden treasure. To 
gratify the reader, Jabez M. Smith was born in Throwbridge, 
Wiltshire, England, in 1839; came to the United States in 
1840, and settled at Skaneattles, Onondaga county, from which 
place he came to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1852, where he 
commenced business, as grocer, in 1869. In 1872 he dug a 
well on his own premises, and commenced to use the water in 
April, 1873. Finding that the water had some peculiar taste, 
he got it analysed by Mr. Gustavus Bode, a gentleman highly 
qualified for the task. Mr. Smith was so delighted by the dis- 
covery, that he calls it the Eureka Spring, which name, I guess, 
was suggested by the exclamation of the ancient mathematician, 
who, on discovering a new property in the science of geometry, 
was so elated on making the discovery, that he ran frantic 
through the streets, crying out " Eureka !" " Eureka !" wliich 
signifies, I found it, I found it. 

The following is the comparative analysis of the Eureka with 
other celebrated Mineral Springs : 

EUREKA, Milwaukee. 

Chloride of Sodium, .187.476 Grains. 

Sulphurate of Soda, '. . . 14.509 " 

Bicarbonate of Soda, 7.248 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 22.896 " 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 10.080 " 

Silica, 6.890 " 

Alumina, 10.479 " 

Total, 259,578 Grains. 

SILOAM, Milwaukee. 

Chloride of Sodium, 0.890 Grains. 

Sulphate of Soda, 2.79'J " 

Bicarbonate of Soda, 0.892 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 12.590 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 7.557 

Silica 0.55:) " 

Total 25.278 " 



BrOGRAPHY. 199 

BETHESDA, Waukesha. 

Chloride of Sodium, 1.160 Grains. 

Sulphate of Potassa, 0.454 '' 

Sulphate of Sodium, 0.542 " 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 17.002 " 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 12.388 " 

Bicarbonate of Iron, 0.042 " 

Bicarbonate of Soda, 1.256 " 

Phosphate of Soda, a Trace. 

Alumina, 0.122 " 

Silica 0.741 " 

Organic Matter, 1.983 " 

Total, ; 35.710 Grains. 

OAKTON, Pewaukee. 

Chloride of Sodium, 0.161 Grains. 

Sulphate of Sodium 0.602 " 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 13.929 " 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 12.225 '' 

Bicarbonate of Iron, 0.569 " 

Bicarbonate of Soda, 0.348 •' 

Alumina, 0.180 " 

Silica, 0.151 " 

Organic Matter, 0.189 " 

Total, 28.354 " 

MAGNETIC SPKING, Michigan. 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 20.2185 Grains. 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 18,67.51 " 

Bicarbonate of Iron, 3.0868 " 

Chloride of Potassium, 5. 7260 " 

Chloride of Sodium, 384.2716 

Chloride of Calcium, 32.4577 

Chloride of Magnesium, 40-5759 " 

Sulphate of Potassia, 5401 " 

Sulphate of Soda, 15.1716 " 

Sulphate of Lime, 31.6397 

Sulphate of Magnesia, 105.8936 



200 Biography. 

Silica G.4S22 Grains. 

Alumina 12.7738 " 

Organic Matter (Soluble) 2.0180 " 

Loss 181G " 

Total G29.7072 Grains. 

The Milwaukee Monthly^ for June 1873, speaks of the 
Eureka Spring as follows : 

A Valuable Discovery. — Some months ago. Mr. Jabez 
M. Smith, of this city, sank a well on his premises, some thirty 
feet deep, for the convenience of his store. The boring passed 
through a stratum of yellow clay, and into another of gravel, 
and the workmen struck a stream of water remarkably bright 
and pellucid. On tasting this water, it was found strongly im- 
pregnated with mineral salts. But for some time no particular 
attention was paid to it, though it was used about the store, 
until it was found that the drinking of it produced particular 
effects on the system. This fact being mentioned, the spring 
attracted the notice of several medical gentlemen, who, sus- 
pecting that it might possess value as a remedial agent, advised 
the proprietor to have a scientific analysis made of it. Ac- 
cordingly Mr. Bode, the analytic chemist of this city, examined 
it, and reported the analysi? given above. 

The analysis is almost identical with that of the celebrated 
water of Carlsbad, in Bohemia, which is patronized by in- 
valids more extensively than any other watering place in 
Europe. 

The Eureka, (this we believe, is the name Mr. Smith has 
given to his spring), is pleasant to the taste, and agreeable to 
the weakest stomach. Its first immediate effect is that of a 
gentle aperient, and diuretic; and is peculiarly adapted to all 
forms of gastric and hepatic derangements. C; ses of dyspep- 
sia, attended with acidity, flatulency, or costiveness, are imme- 
diately relieved by its use — as is also that congested condition 
of the liver, common to persons of sedentary habits, termed 
biliousness. Unlike the effects of grastic drugs, that many re- 
sort to, to relieve this state of the liver and alimentary canal, 
it leaves those organs in a healthy condition, making unneces- 
sary a continual repetition of medicine. 



Biography. 201 

HON. WM. B. EGAN. 

In writing the biography (>f the gentleman at the head of the 
following sketch, my duty, as biographer, wijl be diminished 
considerably, by copying a short sketch of him from the Chicago 
Magazine, published in May, 1857 : 

" William Bradshaw Egan was born on the banks of the 
beautiful Lake of Killarny, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. 
Ilis family had been for some centuries among the landed pro- 
prietors of the county, and were of the same kindred as the 
O'Connels. The father of Dr. Egm had to depend upon his 
classical education for the support of his family; and this, it 
will be seen, was the subsequent fate of the Doctor himself. 
The reason of this was that the estates of the family had dwind- 
led away, like those of many other Catholic families, during the 
existence and under the operation of the "penal laws" of Ire- 
land. 

The subject of our sketch is the youngest of nine brothers, all 
of whom received a sound, and indeed what might be called a 
brilliant education, and have distinguished themselves more or 
less in the various walks of life. Having finished his own clas- 
sical education at home, William went to England at the age 
of fifteen, and commenced the study of surgery and medicine. 
Returning to Dublin in a few years, he attended there a course 
of medical lectures, and then embarked for America. He ob- 
tained, soon after his arrival in Quebec, a situation as teacher 
in one of the schools of that city, and subsequently he taught 
school in Montreal and New York, and finally in the graram.ar 
school of the University of Virginia. In the latter institution 
he also attended the lectures of two terms. On his return to 
New York, he received his diploma, and for a short time prac- 
ticed there with Dr. McNeven. It was at this time that he 
married, his bride bein"; the daughter of an old New York fa- 
mily. 

In the fall of 1832, he was induced to go to Mississippi, 
where he engaged with success in the practice of his profession. 
But his own family, and he himself,^ were not exempted from 
the epidemics of the country, and sickness drove him once more 
to the North. The low starve of Avater in the Ohio river com- 



202 Biography. 

pelled him to take the Wabash route to New York. Those were 
not the days of railroads, and the progress of the little party 
was necessarily slow and tedious. On the way they met some 
of the officers of the United States army, buying horses for the 
Sauk war. The^e officers had been to Chicago, then called Fort 
Dearborn, and their descriptions of the situation of the place, 
and of the prairie country in the interior of Illin is, induced Dr. 
Egan to determine on that route, by way of Detroit, to New 
York. The journey through Indiana and Illinois, to Chicago, 
was tedious, and accompanied by all the usual incidents of life 
in the back woods. One night, the party, composed of seven 
persons, stopped at " Baker's," on the Kankakee river, (then 
as now, a beautiful stream,) in a log room, it could not be called 
a house, eight feet by sixteen. Another night was spent at 
" old Kercheval's," on Hickory creek, the house having been 
deserted for fear of the Indian's but a short time previously. 
Passing the houseless ford on the Des Plaines river, where 
Joliet now stands, and stopping at Lawton's, the Indian trader. 
the party came at last to the Widow Barry's, at Barry's Point. 
From this place to Chicago, a distance of eight miles, the 
prairie was covered with water from one to three feet deep, giv- 
ing it the appearance of a vast lake. 

Chicago, however, was safely reached, and Ingersol's Hotel, 
at " The Point," or " Wolf's Point," was made the aristocratic 
quarters of the Doctor and his young New York wife. Chicago, 
at that time, it must be remembered, was but a small settle- 
ment, a mere frontier town and military station. Robert 
Kinzie's store, on the Point, was resonant '' from early morn 
till dewy eve," with Indian merriment. It was the resort of 
all who came to hear or tell the news. The accomplished In- 
dian chief, Billy Caldwell, was generally to be found there, and 
it was the usual lounging place of Joseph La Fromboise, and 
the good-hearted " Old Robinson." This was the triumvirate 
that represented the Menomonees, the Winnebagoes, and the 
Pottawatomies. Mark Beaubien, in those days, to use his own 
irreverent expression, "kept tavern like h — 1, and fiddled like 
thed — 1." Old Ashbell Steel had ventured lakewar.ls half 
way down Randolph street, to where the Briggs House now 
raises its princely front. 



Biography. 203 

The officers of the Garrison were Major Wilcox, and after- 
wards Major Green, Doctor Maxwell, Captain Baxley, Captain 
Thompson, Lieutenant Jameson, and the gallant Lieutenant 
Kirby Smith, whose blood has since watered the plains of 
Mexico. These were all agreeable gentlemen, »and they gave a 
high tone to the social condition of the little town. 

It did not take Dr, Egan long to see the future importance 
which Chicago must attain, owing to her situation and relative 
position, and he determined to make it his home. He first pur- 
chased the present Tremont House corner, of Gen. Beaubien, 
and built thereon a row of five houses, which were called 
" Egan's Row." He has always taken a lively interest in the 
progress and prosperity of the city, and has been among the 
first to devise and carry through projects for the advancement 
of her commerce, the development of her resources, and the 
comfort and benefit of her citizens. He has been honored by 
the people of the city as their representative in the State Le- 
gislature, and has also been chosen Recorder of the City and 
County. 

During the sessions of the Legislature of 1841 and 1842, Dr. 
Egan was instrumental in accomplishing the settlement of Canal 
claims between the State and the purchasers of Canal lots in 
Chicago. The settlement of these claims may be considered as 
the epoch from Avhich the city of Chicago dates the origin of her 
unexampled prosperity. Previous to that, real estate in Chi- 
cago was apparently of but little more value than in any other 
Western village; but now commenced a new order of thino-s. 
Capitalists at once brought their money here for investment. 
The population rapidly increased. Dwelling houses could not 
be built quickly enough to accommodate the steady stream of 
new comers, nor !L,tores put up and filled with goods sufficient 
for their wants. Every subsequent year exhibited a steady in- 
crease in population, in enterprise, and in real substantial 
wealth. From that day, the progress of Chicago has been on- 
ward, until she now stands in the proud position ot the third 
commercial city in the Union, with every prospect of being se- 
cond only to New York. All honor to the men to whom she 
owes this brilliant destiny I 

Dr. Egan has done much, both by precept and example, to- 



204 Biography. 

wards beautifying and adorning the city. His beautiful gar- 
dens in the West Division, and his magnificent park, Egan- 
DALE, five miles south of the Court Jlouse, on the lake shore, 
are evidences at once of his refined tastes and his enlarged pub- 
lic spirit. He is now enjoying in affluence the fruits of his past 
labor and enterprise; and he is one of those true benefactors of 
the human race, who will leave the earth more beautiful than 
he found it. 

In person. Dr. Egan is large and rather corpulent, but ex- 
tremely active in his habits. In his disposition and tempera- 
ment, he is genial, pleasant, and the very life of a social party. 
Possessing a warm heart, and a generous nature, he has made, 
in the course of an active and eventful life, troops of friends, 
and it may be, some enemies; as what public man has not? 
Years hence, when the history of Chicago shall be written, (as 
it will be written,) the public services of Dr. Egan will be ap- 
preciated and properly acknowledged. If the material we have 
here suggested shall be of any avail to the future historian, the 
purpose of this sketch will have been answered." 

Extract from " Illustrations of King James Irish Army 
List,'" by John D' Alton, Esq., Barrister, Dublin. 

Capt. Daniel Egan — 

The sept of MacEgan, was territorially seised of extensive 
estates in Lower Ormond, County Tipperary, as well as of 
Clan-Dearmida, a district of the iJarony of Leitrim, County of 
Galway, within which latter locality they had in old time some 
castles. They were celebrated Brehons of Connaught, as also 
of Munster. Accordingly, John MacEgan is chronicled as the 
Brehon of the O'Conor, slain at the battle of Athenry, in 13L6; 
and the four Masters commemorate at 1378^ the death of Teigue 
MacEgan, chief Brehon of North Connaught, "a man of learn- 
ing, free from pride and arrogance, who kept a house of general 
hospitality." The death of Bryan MacEgan, chief Brehon of 
Brefney, in 1390; and, in 1399, they relate the death of Booth- 
galach MacEgan, of Ormond, " a man lea»-ned in the laws and 
in music, and eminent for hospitality." Also of Giolba-na-neer, 
son of Conor MacEgan, chief Professor of Laws, with many sub- 
sequent obits, similarly recording their learning and hospitality. 



Biography. 205 

At the close of the 16th cer.tar3\ Owen MacEgan was despatch- 
ed, bj the Earl of Desmond from Cork to Spain, to seek aid 
for the meditated " rising.'' He was afterwards instituted 
Roman Catholic Bishop of Rosse by the Pope, and actively co- 
eperated with Desmond, until, in January, 1602, he was killed 
on the occasion of a skirmish with the Queen's troops. In 1611, 
Cosmagh Mac Egan, and three other townlands in Tipperary to 
the Crown, to facilitate a re grant of the same. In 162S, an 
inquisition post mortem was held to ascertain the lands and pos- 
sessions of Carberry MacEgan in Tipperary. 

The attainders of lt'42, name Owen and John Mac Egan, of 
Aghmagh, in Cork, while the Declaration of Royal Thanks, in 
the Act of Settlement, includes Owen-oge MacEgan of that 
County, Adjutant. In 1679, Carberry, Daniel and Con- 
stantine Egan, passed patent for upwards of 100 acres in Clare. 
The first had in the following year a grant of 58 acres in Gal- 
way, as had in 1682, Flan Egan, his son and heir, of 173 acres 
in the same county, and James Egan of 187 more. Besides 
this officer, four others of the name appear on the present Army 
List, viz : in Lord Dongan's Dragoons, in Sir Neill O'Neills, 
and in Lord Galway's Infantry respectively. 

The name of Captain Daniel does not occur on the outlaw- 
ries of 1691; but at the Court of Chichester House, Daniel 
Egan, a minor, claimed by his guardian an Estate tail in County 
of Kildare, lands as forfeited by Thomas Egan; Margaret Egan 
claimed a small jointure thereof; and Elizabeth, Mary and 
Anne Egan, their daughters, claimed also by their guardians 
portions of one hundred pounds each thereout; but all these 
petitions were dismissed, and Thomas's estate in that county, 
was, in 1703, sold by the Commissioners of Forfeitures to Wil- 
liam Hewetson of Clough, in the same county, discharged of all 
said liabilities. 

A John Egan forfeited, in the confiscations of this time, 
lands in the County of Tipperary, of which Pierce Nugent, in 
the right of his wife, Mary, who had been theretofore wife of 
Daniel Egan (the above Captain Daniel, slain in the war,) 
claimed her jointure. 

The son of Captain Daniel Egan was Boetious, who inherited 
the joint estates of Constantino and Daniel Egan, and who waa 



206 Biography. 

the father of Constantine, whose son was Daniel, whose son, 
Thomas, lost the estates because he would not give up the re- 
ligion of his fathers. His son was James Constantine, the 
father of Wm. B. Egan. 

The subject of this sketch left four children to mourn his 
death. All are respectably married, and in easy circumstances. 
The eldest, Emiline, is married to Henry H. Shufeldt, a re- 
spectable and wealthy distiller of Chicago; William C. Egan is 
married to Eva L. Rockwell, daughter of John S. Rockwell, 
one of the early pioneers of Milwaukee, and the founder of the 
handsome, growing town of Oconomowoc, in this State; Samuel 
Eugene Egan is married to 2\liss Marie Kreig, daughter of 
David Kreigh, a wealthy packer of Chicago, 111.; and Sarah 
Ann Egan is married to Henry F, Temple, of Chicago. 

Dr, Wm. B. Egan died October 28th, 1860. He had four 
brothers, two of whom were Roman Catholic Priests, who re- 
mained in Ireland, and with whom the biographer was slightly 
acquainted. One of the brothers, Bartholomew Egan, is Pre- 
sident of the Mount Vernon University at Lebanon^ Louisiana. 
This gentleman shares largely in the literary talent of that gift- 
ed family, long distinguished for classical literature and public 
speaking; and the fourth brother, Charles B. Egan, is a leading 
practising Physician at Blue Island, Chicago, 111. A sister of 
Dr, Wm. B. Egan's was married to Mr. Thomas Mahony, son 
of Doctor Mahony of Abbeyfale, County of Limerick, Ireland. 
Mr. Mahoney was an eminent classical teacher in the town of 
Killarny.* He was well versed in English literature, and was 
remarkable for his agility, being an over iratch, in that respect, 
for any other student in the Tralee Academy, which was long 

* Mr. Mahony and I were school mates in a ihissic.il school, kept by Mr. Humphry Dono- 
van, in Tralee, the chief town of the County of Kerry, Ireland. This school was exclusively 
cla''eical, nothingbeing taught in it but Greek and Latin. Not even a single question in com- 
mon arithmetic was taught in it during my time. Many of the students then in that cele- 
brated academy attained to great eminence in after life. Mr. Jefert became Chief .Justice in 
the E;i8t Indies. Among my associates in this school was Doctor Thomas Joy, a cousin of 
mine, who edited some of tlie classical books, read in schools, when ProfcKSor in the College 
of Columbia, New York. Dr. Quill, who cuts such a fii,'ure in the work of Charles O'Mally, 
■was a pupil in the Tralee School in my time, and so were many men who become eminent 
at the Irisli bar. It may not appear out of place to mention in this connection, that I accept- 
ed of the Profes:iorsliip of Mathematics in the College of Columbia, in 181?, which, liowever, 
I 80'm declined to fill, having received a better appointment. I heard that the professorship 
■was afterwards filled by Doctor Adrian, a Irish gentleman of high attainments. It is un- 
necessary to say that I received no scientific knowledge in the Tralee School. 



Biography. 207 

celebrated for sending the best prejiared classical scholars to 
Trinity College, Dublin. Mr. Mahoney died rather young. 

The subject of this sketch was no ordinary man. He pos- 
sessed great natural talent, was an eloquent public speaker, a 
pleasant companion, being the life and soul of every company in 
which he mingled. lie was a man of good business capacity, 
and was remarkable for his untiring and high spirit of enter- 
prise. He was always ready and willing to oblige and serve a 
friend, and as to his unbounded hospitality and general social 
qualities, he had few equals. 

His death caused a blank in Chicago society, which was not 
easily filled up. 



EXTRACT FROM THE HISTORY OF MY TIME. 



The following extract contains so many incidents, portraying 
the true national character of different classes in Ireland, that I 
feel disposed to give the most characteristic a place here. I beg, 
however, to observe, that I should like to omit many parts con- 
taining allusions to myself, which may seem to bear the appear- 
ance of egotism, but being mixed up with those incidents myself, 
nothing could be omitted without weakening, and in some cases, 
destroying the whole effect. 

These observations apply to all the extracts taken from the 
history of my time. Part of that work is only admissable, by 
reason of my claim to a biography among Wisconsin men. It 
may be necessary for me to state that everything which appears 
in the extracts, complimentary to myself, comes from others, 
and nothing is claimed by me but truth in recording their opi- 
nions of me; and that claim I could not forfeit for any conside- 
ration. At all events, let others think what they please of the 
matter, I would rather hear a thousand give me a good name, 
than one to say that I was a rogue, a swindler, a liar, or a 
smart man in the common acceptation of the last epithet. 
When Jerry Stack Murphy,* the eldest son of Jerry Murphy of 

* Jerry Stack Murphy had been High Sheriff of the city of Cork, and was left a good fortune 
by his father, consisting of an estate, clear of all incumbrance, an 1 the marcvntile business 
in Cork, besides Hyde Park, which his m Jther was to occupy daring tier life tiina. But how 
uncertain are the things of this world. Ills father died after the mirriage of Jerry to Miss 
O'Donahoe, and the first account I got of him was that he became a bankrupt. Some few 



208 Biography. 

Hyde Park, in the city of Cork, got married to the daughter of 
Madam O'Donahoe of the Lakes, and sist r to Mr. James 
O'ConnelL* 

The event was Avidely circu'ated, and when the bride was 
brought home to Hyde Park, her future residence, her advent, 
which in Ireland is called a Hauling Home, Avas celebrated with 
a degree of splendor, unknown in the country on such a joyous 
occasion. Among the persons invited to meet the bride and 
spend some time at the magnificent residence of Mr. Murphy at 
Hyde Park, were Lord Donoughmore, known before he had 
been admitted to the Peerage as General Hutchinson; John 
O'Brian, member of Parliament for the county of Clare, and 
his lady, the daughter of Mr. Murphy; Mr. Hickey, a Magi- 
strate of the county Kerry, and his lady; the niece of Mr. 
Murphy; Dr. Crotty, then President of Mayneath College, and 
afterwards Catholic Bishop of Cloyne; Frank Stack Murphy, 
second son of Mr. Murphy, then practising law in London, and 
afterwards promoted to the rank of Sergeant-at-law, and myself 
and wife. Besides those that were invited from a distance, 
numbers residing in the city dined at Hyde Park every day, 
among whom were the Right Rev. Dr. Murphy, Bishop of Cork 

years after this sad event, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held the 
annual meetiutj of the Soeiety in Cork, and Sir John Tobin, the great ship owner of Liver- 
pool, gave the free use of one of his steamboats to bring the members of that association, re- 
Biding in Liverpool and Dublin to Cork. I took advantage of Sir John Tobin's generosity and 
went to Cork, where I soon met Jerry Stack Murphy, who (^aid that he could not invite me 
to stay with h m during the meeting of the association, as he had neither house or home, 
but hoped I would go to see his mother, and spend a day with her at Passage, where she 
then resided. 

* James O'Connell was the youngest brother of the immortal Daniel O'Connell. The title 
of Baronet was conferred on James O'Connell a short time before his death, which does 
honor to the Government of England, proving that what they considered Daniel O'Connell's 
sin should not be visited on James, whom they always considered a good citizen, and a loyal 
subject; proving, also, that they were ready to do honor unto him, to whom honor was due. 
Madam O'Donahoe, the widow of the O'Donahoe of the Lakes, and mother of the bride, Mrs. 
Stack Murphy, lived on the bank of the Lower Lake of Killarne}', which was the estate of 
St. John Ma.son, first cousin to the Emmets of New York, and who was a prisoner in the 
Tower of Dublin for three years, by reason of the part he had taken in the Irish Kebellion of 
'98. 1 purchased this property from Mr. Mason for seven thousand pounds; but before I 
would pay the money, I, as matter of course, submitted the title deeds to Mr. Fitzgibbon, an 
eminent lawyer, now Master in Chancery in Ireland, who returned the papers, in which he 
discovered a very old flaw in the title; but which, very probably, may never disturb it. This 
old flaw miide me afraid to pay the money, and I backed out. Macillicuddy of the Reeks, 
who had been looking after this property for years, and whose estates were in the immedi- 
ate vicinity, bought it for seven thousand pounds, which the family hold to this day, and 
which was considered Worth nine thousand pounds; but Mr. Mason having so many debt* 
banging over him, that he was glad to take any thing to appease his numerous creditors, 
who became intoUerably noisy and troublesome. 



Biography. 209 

and brother of Mr. Murphy; and Father Mathew, the Irish 
Apostle of Temperance, 

While staying in Cork, a large fleet, commanded by Sir Ed- 
ward Codrington, came into the Cove of Cork, and on the Sun- 
day after, all the lovers of sight-seeing went to have a look at 
the great ships of war, and I went among the rest. On the 
Saturday before, I met Colonel Parker of Passage, afterwards 
Governor of the British possessions at the Cape of Good Hope, 
who, on hearing that I intended to see the fleet on the next day, 
asked me to breakfast at his house on Sunday, stating that the 
steamboat from Cork stoppea opposite his door, at Passage, to 
take in passengers going to the Cove. I went to breakfast, and 
when the arrival of the boat was announced, the Colonel and I 
went to where she lay alongside, and, while standing within a 
foot or two of the vessel, she moved out unobserved by me; I 
cried out to take me on board, and having been heard by two 
young fellows in a small boat right below me in the river, they 
cried out, " Come down. Sir, and we will put you on board." 
I went down the steps without delay, but instead of putting me 
on board the boat they pulled me out to the middle of the river, 
demanding five shillings for their trouble; and while I was 
arguing with the rascals, the boat went some distance off, and 
the argument ended on my paying them five shillings for land- 
ing me on the Cove side of the river, from where I had to walk 
to where the fleet lay.* 

I did not remain long at the Cove, Mrs. Gregory and myself 
being engaged to dine with Mr. William Crawford, a short dis- 
tance l^low Black Rock, that day. After going on board the 
Admiral's snip and one or two more, I returned to Passage on 
my way to Hyde Park, where Mrs. Gregory was anxiously wait- 
ing for me, dressed for dinner; but on coming to Passage, all 
the jingle drivers in Cork were th?re, with their horses' heads 
stuck in bags, under pretence of feeding their horses; but the 
real cause was that they were limited in the amount of their 
fare during the day, but could charge what they pleased at 
night; for this reason not one would move for me. A magi- 
strate of the city, who had an engagement to dine with a friend, 
was in the same fix. As I had no alternative left, I started on 

* The Cove is now called Queenstown, wh'ch has increased considerably in population 
and is considered one of the best auJ safest harbors in the world. ' 

13 



210 Biography. 

foot, but had not gone far before I met a man driving a carn- 
age, with whom I agreed to drive me to Hyde Park, and from 
thence to Mr. Crawford's, where we were to remain over 
night. 

The driver of the hack carriage was reasonable in his charge, 
being only the usual fare according to the regulations of the 
common council of the city in such matter. If he had been 
aware of the combination entered into by the jingle fraternity, 
his conduct would be quite different. I Avent to Hyde Park 
and Mrs. Gregory and I drove to Mr. Crawford's residence, ar- 
riving there when the company had just done dinner, but the 
ladies had not yet removed from the dinner table.* 

Lord Donoughmore left Cork two days before me, and, be- 
fore leaving, he asked me to spend a couple of days with him at 
Knocklofty, adding that he would ask ]Mrs. Gregory, but that 
he had no one to keep her company, as his niece, who lived with 
him, was on a visit in Cork. Having determined to go home, 
I hired a carriage to bring Mrs. Gregory and myself to Dun- 
garvon, and on our way we agreed not to go to a hotel at Dun- 
garvon, but to drive through to Mary Carney's, whose place 
I had hired for two summers, a few years before, for the use 
of my family as a healthy place, being on the edge of the salt 
water, and only about a quarter of a mile from the town of Dun- 
garvon. Accordingly, we drove to our old bathing house, 
knocked at the hall door and went into the hall, which I observ- 
ed, at a single glance, had been renovated and considerably im- 
proved, the carpets, lamps and every article in sight bearing 
the appearance of respectability and wealth. I, of course, be- 
gan to apologize for our intrusion, when a gentleman of com- 
manding appearance and past the middle age, came out of the 
dinner parlor, and having heard why we came, and viewed Mrs. 
Gregory closely, said, " Sir, i\'e shall soon have dinner and 
will be happy if you and your lady will stay and dine with us, 
we shall also be happy if ye stay all nicht. You must not go 



* Mr. Orawloid was at this time, pcrliaps, tlio most prominent mmi in the city of Cork. 
He and his father belonged to llie firm of Beamish <k Orawlord, gentlemen of high respecta- 
bility, celebrated for their superior porter, which had sustained its character for many 
years, and is still in great repute in Ireland. Mr. William Crawford was a good public 
speaker, and a universal favorite in Cork. He died in the prime of life. The citizens of 
Cork built a testimonial to perpetuate his memory, and testify their appreciation ol his po- 
litical sentiments and private virtues. 



Biography. 211 

back to a hotel, as chance brought you here." The gentleman's 
name was Moore, cousin of Lord Mount Cashel and near re- 
lation to the Earl of Kingston, to both of whom I was long 
and well known. 

During the evening I was laying my plan to hire a convey- 
ance to take me to Knocklofty, the seat of Lord Donoughmore, 
and advised Mrs. Gregory to be ready to go to Dublin by the 
mail coach the next day. Mr. Moore having heard my plan, 
said " You may go when you please, but this lady must not 
leave this for a few days at least." The next day Mr. Moore 
sent his carriage by me across the mountains to Knocklofty, 
where I remained for two days, and on the third started for 
Dublin, where my wife joined me in ten days after, having left 
her at Mr. Moore's, where she received the greatest attention 
and care, which she often mentioned afterwards. This is a 
specimen of Irish hospitality, unequalled in any country in the 
world out of that land of unbounded hospitality. 

While at Knocklofty, Lord Donoughmore said to me that he 
wondered why I did not look for some position under the go- 
vernment, saying, " you are known to all the upper classes in 
the country, who think very highly of your knowledge, attain- 
ments and general character, and no doubt you could obtain a 
good place." I answered, that no government in Europe would 
pay me the sixth of what I was realising by my profession as a 
Civil Engineer, and other sources; that I had recently accepted 
of the situation of inspector of railroads, but resigned it in a few 
days as likely to injure my condition financially. Mr. Vig- 
noles, an eminent engineer, took my place. His lordship said, 
*' but you do not know how long your success may continue, 
and something permanent would be preferable certainly." I 
heard recently that Vignoles has not been inspector for years 
back. 

In reading this short extract, the incidents therein contained 
show a good deal of Irish character. The reader will observe 
the vast difference of character to be found among the different 
classes of the population. The reader must be forcibly struck 
with the unbounded kindness and hospitality of the upper clas- 
ses of the Irish, who have no equals in these heavenly qualities 
in any other part of the known world. It is but common jus- 



212 Biography. 

tice to the poorest Irishman, to state that few, if any of his 
class, can be found in any other cou_itry his equal in hospitality, 
being always ready to share his last potatoe with his neighbor. 

Few countries could boast of such a man as Mr. Murphy of 
Hyde Park. He was always foremost in contributing to all the 
charitable institutions of the city of Cork. He supported a 
house in that city, occupied exclusively by old merchants, who 
became unfortunate in trade; and his charities were not confin- 
ed to that city alone. They were boundless. When he visited 
the city of Dublin, his purse was ever open to the craving de- 
mands of poverty. I visited Carrickfergus, the chief town of 
the county Antrim, in the lifetime of Mr. Murphy, and having 
arrived there early in the evening, I took a walk to see the 
town and suburbs; a few rods outside the town, I observed a 
small church, newly built, with its entrance door wide open, 
which I entered, and my footsteps being overheard by the offi- 
ciating priest, he came from his dwelling-house, which was at- 
tached to the chapel. After a short conversation with the priest, 
I asked him if he had a good congregation, and he answered 
that a short time before he had only eight families who came to 
hear mass there, and that these had to travel from distances 
varying from six to eight miles. I asked him how he contrived 
to get means to build the church with so few hearers; he said 
that the Protestants and Presbyterians contributed a good deal, 
but that a debt hung over the building till a few months ago, 
when he went to Dublin to beg for money to clear off tlie debt. 
While in Dublin, he was advised to go to Mr. Murphy of Cork, 
who was then in town; he did so, and, on hearing his story, the 
good man gave him a check on the bank for .£300, which cleared 
the church from all encumberances, and removed from the priest 
a weight of care and anxiety, which actually pressed upon him 
like a nightmare. 



Wisconsin. 213 



Industrial Resources of Wisconsin. 



When I commenced the first edition of this work, I intended 
to give the Fauna and Flora of Wisconsin, but the press of pro- 
fessional business then prevented me from carrying my inten- 
tion into execution. The use of the diflPerent sorts of woods in 
this State, however, is of such importance in industrial pursuits, 
that I feel bound to subjoin the common names of the principal 
species. I mean also, if time permit, to give the common names 
of all the animals hitherto observed in the State. 

In this part of my work, I feel bound to express my obliga- 
tion to Mr. Sercomb, curator of the State Museum, at Madison, 
for his kindness in furnishing me Avith a large list, made by him- 
self, of the birds, beasts, fishes, reptiles, &c., of Wisconsin. 
My thanks are also due to Mr. Lapham, who has devoted much 
time and labor to the natural history and botany of the State. 
Dr. Hoy, of Racine, has contributed largely to perfect the Fauna 
and Flora of Wisconsin. Dr. Hoy is a gentleman well known 
for his researches in natural science. 

Oaks — White Oak, Burr Oak, Swamp Oak, Post Oak, Swamp 
Chestnut Oak, Red Oak, Pine Oak. 

Maples — Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Mountain Maple, Box 
Maple. 

Elms — White Elm, Slippery Elm. 

Cherry — Wild Black Cherry, Bird Cherry, Choke Cherry. 

Wild Plum — Hackberry, Basswood, White Thorn, Dotted 
Thorn, Crab Apple. 

Ash — Mountain Ash, Ash (Fraxinus), White, Black Ash. 

Walnut — Black Walnut, Butternut, Shell Bark Hickory, 
Pignut Hickory. 

Beech — Red Beech, Water Beech, Iron Wood. 

Poplar- -Balsam Poplar; this tree is sometimes called Cotton 
Wood; Balm of Gilead, &c. 

Aspens — Quaking Aspens, Large Aspen. 

Sycamore or Buttonwood, Canoe Birch, Kentucky Coffee 
Tree, June Berry. 

Evergreens — White Pine, Red Pine, Yellow Pine, Shrub 



214 Industrial Resources 

Pine, Balsam Fir, Double Spruce, Hemlock, Tamarack, White 
Cedar, Red Cedar. 

These are the principal woods indigenous to the State; 
others have been introduced for purposes ornamental and 
useful. 

Common names of Animals found in Wisconsin. — For the 
classification and some of the names, I am indebted to Mr. 
Lapham and Mr. Sercomb. 

Mammalia — Opossum, hoary bat, New York bat, little brown 
bat, silver-haired bat, star-nose mole, common shrew mole, De- 
kay's shrew, Foster's shrew, short-tailed shrew, black bear, 
racoon, badger, wolverine, skunk, fisher, marten, little weasel, 
ermine weasel, mink, otter, Indian dog, common wolf, prairie 
wolf, red fox, grey fox, panther, lynx, wild cat, grey squirrel, 
fox squirrel, black squirrel, red squirrel, striped squirrel, flying 
squirrel, gophar, line-tailed squirrel, woodchuck, deer mouse, 
beaver, muskrat, porcupine, brown rat, (introduced,) black rat, 
(introduced,) mouse, jumping mouse, marsh meadow mouse, 
beaver field mouse, yellow-cheeked meadow mouse, pouched rat, 
American grey rabbit, rabbit, another species, Buffalo, antelope, 
deer, moose, elk, reindeer, white deer. 

Among the animals found in Wisconsin are 62 Mammals, 
some of which have been banished by civilization beyond the 
Mississippi. The Buffalo has disappeared. The last seen east 
of the Mississippi was in 1832. 

Birds found in Wisconsin. — Turkey buzzard, golden eagle, 
bald eagle, Washington eagle, American fish hawk, duck hawk, 
pigeon hawk, sparrow hawk, American gosshawk, Cooper's 
hawk, slate-colored hawk, Mississippi kite, swallow-tailed hawk, 
rough-legged falcon, red-tailed hawk, common buzzard, broad- 
winged buzzard, winter buzzard, marsh harrier, hawk owl, 
snowy owl, screech owl, mottled owl, great horned owl, white- 
bellied horned owl, great grey owl, barred owl, long-eared owl, 
short eared owl, Acadian owl, Kirtland's owl, American barn 
owl, whip-poor-will, night hawk, purple martin, barn swallow, 
cliff swallow, white-bellied swallow, bank swalloAv, chimney 
swallow, king fisher, n jrthern butcher bird, king bird, great- 
crested king bird, dusky fly-catcher, wood pewee, Phoebe bird, 
green-crested fly-catcher, olive-sided king bird, American red 



OF Wisconsin. 215 

start, hooded warbler, blue-grey gnat-catcher, yellow-throated 
greenlet, solitary greenlet, warbling greenlet, red-eyed green- 
let, yellow-breasted chat, common mocking-bird, brown thrush, 
cat bird, robin, wood thrush, hermit thrush, Wilson's thrush, 
New York water thrush, oven bird, American titlark, myrtle 
bird, red-poll warbler, summer yellow bird, spotted warbler, 
black-throated green warbler, blackberrian wai'bler; Kirtland's 
warbler, chesnut-sided warbler, black-poll warbler, pine warb- 
ler, prairie warbler, spotted Canada warbler, Kentucky warbler, 
blue-grey warbler, Cape May warbler, yellow-throat morning 
warbler, worm-eating warbler, golden-winged warbler, Nash- 
ville warbler, orange-crowned warbler, Tenessee warbler, va- 
ried-creep'ng warbler, house wren, winter wren, short-billed 
wren, marsh wren, mocking wren, ruby-crowned kinglet, gold- 
crested kinglet, blue bjrd, brown creeper, white-breasted nut- 
hatch, red-bellied nuthatch, black-cap tit, black-throated wax- 
wing, cedar bird, horned lark, white snow bird, fox-colored 
sparrow, song sparrow, white-throated sparrow, white-crowned 
sparrow, yellow-winged bunting, field bunting, chip bird, Sa- 
vanna bunting, blue-striped bunting, snow bird, swamp finch, 
lesser red-poll, mealy red-poll, yellow bird, pine finch, black- 
throated bunting, indigo bird, ground robin, crested purple 
finch, American cross-bill, white-winged cross-bill, cardinal 
grosbeak, rose-breasted grosbeak, evening grosbeak, black- 
winged red-bird, meadow lark, golden oriole, orchard oriole, 
Bob-o'-link or rice bird, cow bunting, yellow-headed troopial, 
red-winged black-bird, rusty black-bird, common crow black- 
bird, blue jay, Canada jay, magpie, common crow, raven, hum- 
ming bird, crested woodpecker, downey woodpecker, yellow- 
bellied woodpecker, red-headed woodpecker, Arctic woodpeck- 
er, golden-winged woodpecker, red-bellied woodpecker, yellow- 
billed cuckoo, blacked cuckoo, paraket, wild pigeon, turtle dove, 
wild turkey, quail, partridge, spruce grouse, prairie hen, sharp- 
tailed grouse, willow grouse, Florida gallinule, American coot, 
meadow hen, mud hen, sora rail, New York rail, American 
crane, brown sand-hill crane, great blue heron, golden heron, 
American bittern, small bittern, great white-crested heron, blue 
heron, golden p'over, spring plover, killdeer plover, American 
ring plover, whistling plover, turnstone, black-breasted sand 



216 Industrial Resources 

piper, Schint's sand piper, pectoral sand piper, rough-breasted 
sand piper, purple sand piper, Wilson's sand piper, red-breast- 
ed sand piper, semipalmated sand piper, long-legged sand piper, 
sanderling willet, varied tat'er, yellow legs solitary tatler, spot- 
ted sand lark, g^ej plover, the marlin, ringtailed marlin, do- 
witchee, common American snipe, American woodcock, Ameri- 
can avoset, long-billed curlew, jack curlew, Esquimaux curlew, 
rer] phalarope, wild goose, snow gdose, white-fronted goose, 
Hutchinson's goose, American SAvan, mallard, black duck, grew 
duck, pin-tail duck, American widgeon, blue-winged teal, green- 
winged teal, wood duck, ruddy duck, canvass back, red head, 
broad bill, bastard broad bill, whistler, buffle-headed duck, har- 
lequin duck, old-wife, buiF-breasted sheldrake, red-breasted 
sheldrake, hooded sheldrake, double-crested cormorant, cayen- 
ne tern, black tern, marsh tern, common tern, Bonaparte's gull, 
thre3-toed gull, winter gull", common American gull, great loon 
or diver, red-throated loon, red-necked grebe, horned grebe, 
dipper, and crested grebe. 

Notwithstanding the great number of birds of difiFerent species 
found in Wisconsin, a stranger passing through it sees but very 
few. Though I have travelled the State in every direction, 
yet 1 have seen very few birds of any description. Till I 
witnessed the collection at Madison, prepared by Mr. Sercomb, 
and saw his and Mr. Lapham's catalogue, I could scarcly be 
convinced that 287 different species of birds could be found in 
the State. 

Reptiles. — Snapping turtle, painted tortoise, ^landing's tor- 
toise, banded rattlesnake, yellow rattlesnake, black rattlesnake, 
common striped snake, black water snake, green grass snake, 
small red-bellied snake, milk snake, ring-necked snake, 
marsh frog, wood frog, shad frog, violet salamander, banded 
proteus. 

There are in the State 19 different species of reptiles. 

Fishes. — Sunfish, sheephead, yellow perch, mullet, minnow, 
muscallonge, catfish, pickerel, lake trout, brook trout, white 
fish, gardsh, dogfish, sturgeon — making in all 14 different 
species. 

There are 00 Mollusks and 92 Fossils* known in Wisconsin. 

* hi connection with the suhjcct nf tossil-', it may not be out of place to mention that 
fragments oftlie bones <jt'the Ma-tMtlon, :unl a tew of the teeth o( the Elephant were tound 
hiSt year in the leail regions of Wisconsin, which proves that these giganl.c uniuials Oi.ce 
roamed tlnou,'h this State. 



ofWisconsin. 217 

Time and space would not permit to give a list of them. Such 
as may be curious about information on such a subject may con- 
sult Avorks on Geology, and a list of the Fauna and Flora of 
Wisconsin, prepared by Mr. Lapham for the journals of the 
State Agricultural Society. The same work contains a cata- 
logue of the plants of Wisconsin, which number 949. 

The habits and instinct of some of these animals are almost 
incredible. Before last Avinter I had ncA'er seen what is termed 
a muskrat's house. In the middle of October, in passing along 
the marsh in the vicinity of Milwaukee, I observed what ap- 
peared to me to be a cock of hay recently made, and upon mak- 
ing enquiry respecting the strange locality of the hay, I was 
told that it was a muskrats house. In a feAv days I observed 
several hundreds of these houses erected all over the marsh. 
The Aveather was very fine at the time. This early preparation 
on the part of the -thoughtful rat, was a sure indication of the 
approach of a severe winter. Hoav the muskrat, in the midst 
of the most delightful Aveather that could be imagined, and so 
long before, could foretell the approach of a Avinter unusually 
severe, is a problem of some difificulty for naturalists to solve. 
The muskrat Avas Avell aAvare of Avhat Avas to come, and he pre- 
pared for it. The previous winters were very mild, and the 
thoughtful profit saw no necessity of wasting time and labor in 
the erection of a house Avhich the mildness of the Avinters ren- 
dered unnecessary. 

The work being now draAving to a close, 1 deem it necessary 
to say a few words, by Avay of apology, on the manner in Avhich 
it has been executed. A work embracing so many subjects re- 
lating to a new country, vast in extent and but recently explor- 
ed, requires more time and consideration in its general arrange- 
ment than I could possibly devote to it. The object of the 
work being original in its conception, no similar one having 
been previously written in this country, I had to strike out a 
new course for myself, Avhich must have rendered the task much 
more difficult, it being easier to follow a beaten track than to 
explore and locate a new one, fiee from objections and faults. 
I am well aAvare that statistical tables and scientific discussions 
are not calcula ed to render a Avork popular; but Avithout these 
it Avould be defective, and indeed, m a great measure, useless. 



218 Industrial Resources 

The work having been written by piecemeal, at different distant 
periods, and in a hurry, without any attempt at style, or time to 
revise, it may be possible that the progressive and continually 
varying state of the country might have caused some apparent 
discrepencies, which, perhaps, would be charged to the author, 
and not to the cause that produced them. 



The farmer of Wisconsin, like the merchant, makes his 
money, not of what he consumes, but of what he sells; and as 
his profits depend considerably on the facility of transporting 
his produce to the market, and the cost of doing so, it follows 
that nothing should be left undone, either on the part of govern- 
ment or the people, to open up and extend the channels of trans- 
mission, by which the farmer's interest will be promoted, trade 
and commerce extended, the merchant's gain increased, and 
every class through which the produce passes, including the 
customer, benefited. Where industry prevails, its moral, as 
well as its physical eifect, soon manifests itself. Employment 
provides competence, creates a desire to save, and diminishes a 
desire for profligacy, dissipation, and feuds, political and reli- 
gious. While the construction of railroads and other avenues 
of communication aflford present employment, they become the 
source of wealth to thousands, securing, when completed, to 
the working population increased employment, by thus extend- 
ing the field of industry, and laying the surest foundation on 
which to build the future prosperity and happiness of the State. 
The mineral treasures now lying useless in many of the States 
will become accessible, and its agricultural capabilities fully 
developed. 

The absence of lofty hills and deep ravines, requiring cut- 
ting or tunnelling, and expensive filling of viaducts, Avith a ou- 
perabundance of wood for little or nothing, keeps down the 
expense of actual construction in this country, as compared 
with the enormous cost of construction in England or Ireland, 
where labor is so low. The great item of expense in America 
is iron, which, in general, is imported from Great Britain. 
This is unpardonable in a country full of the finest iron ore in 
the world, with abundance of fuel to fashion it into any shape 
that may be required. When shall we see the folly of send- 



opWrscoNsiN. 219 

ing so many millions of dollars to England every year to pur- 
chase railway iron -when it can be manufactured here to the 
highest perfection ? And instead of getting a good article from 
England, she sends us the very dregs of her manufacture. Last 
year, we imported of railroad iron to the amount of more than 
^8,000,000. Here it costs nothing to procure a charter for a 
a railroad — in England or Ireland it sometimes costs $10,000 a 
mile; here it costs little to obtain the right of way — in the old 
country it sometimes costs thousands; in this country, the en- 
gineering expense is but a trifle — in the old country it forms a 
most important item in the expense. In this country, the first 
outlay is kept as low as possible, consistent with the bare work- 
ing capacity of the road. In Wisconsin it will not often ex- 
ceed $20,000 per mile. When a railroad here earns the means 
of improving itself, the improvement is effected — in the old 
country, the road is constructed in the first instance at a vast 
expense, but is to last for ever. Most of the roads here have 
only single tracks, to save expense. In a new country, such 
as this, without much capital, the plan we adopt is the wiser 
of the two, and as economy is our guide, why send so much 
capital abroad when we have the means of supplying ourselves 
at our doors. We could supply the whole world with lead, yet 
we import of that article to the amount of one million and a half 
of dollars. 

RAILROAD ACCIDENTS. 

In connection with this subject, I might mention a few of the 
chief causes that have led to the loss of life and property on 
our railroads. In the first place, the want of proper fences gives 
free access to cattle, hogs and other animals, by which life and 
property are at all times exposed to accidents, and frequently 
sacrificed. It is true that when a road runs through a wilder- 
ness, far removed from the habitation of man, there is little 
danger to be apprehended, and the expense of fencing may be 
considerable. But though there may be an excuse for neglect- 
ins to fence such a road, there can be none whatever for leav- 
ing a road, in the vicinity of a town, or even of a locality but 
thinly inhabited, exposed to the intrusion of man or beast; as 
such exposure endangers the life, not only of the passengers, 
but of the intruders themselves. Dangers arising from this 



220 Industrial Resources 

cause ought to be strictly guarded against, by erecting proper 
fences. In the second place, the use of flat iron rails has been 
the frequent cause of fatal accidents; and even rails of the best 
form, when not properly fixed and of sufiicient weight and 
strength, have been often the cause of sad disasters, which a 
weightier article, firmly fixed would have prevented. In the 
third place, when the railroad crosses a public or private road, 
on the same level, danger is to be apprehended. In the old 
country, no accident can arise from this cause, as in all popu- 
lous districts the roads are never allowed to cross each ether on 
the same level, and whenever they do, in rural districts, the 
crossing is well guarded, so as to prevent the possibility of a 
collision. 

Another cause, which has frequently led to accidents, is the 
unpardonable neglect of a minute and thorough examination, 
by a competent person, of the working condition of the boiler, 
the engine, and the working apparatus of the entire train be- 
fore starting. This is a duty that should be strictly attended 
to. But in too many cases, the cause is traced to a palpable 
neglect of the p rsons in charge of the engine, arising often 
from the pernicious use of intoxicating liquors. Neglect on 
the part of the engineer, arising from whatever cause it may, 
should never be overlooked. Want of due caution on the part 
of the engineer, in approrching a stopping place, has frequently 
been the cause of violent and destructive concussions, which 
might have been prevented by timely attention to the regula- 
tion of the necessary speed. Curves of small radii have con- 
tributed their proper share to the catalogue of accidents of 
which Ave so often read. 

Accidents sometimes occur from a neglect on the part of the 
attendant, in arransrins the switch so as to allow the train to 
pass from one track to another. Curves on railroads should 
never, if possible, be so abrupt as to require the train to pass 
over them with any considerable dimunition of speed. And, as 
a further precaution, both the curved part and the approaches to 
it should be comparatively high. A curve of a quarter of a mile 
radius is passed with safety at the rate of thirty miles an hour. 
I might point out several precautionary measures never thought 
of in this country, which, if carried out with the same scru- 



OF Wisconsin. 221 

pulous regard to public safety as in England, could not fail of 
saving many valuable lives that are now daily exposed to dan- 
ger under the careless management of engineers and others hav- 
ing charge of the working departments of our road. The fol- 
lowing comparative statement of the railroad accidents for one 
year, in the State of New York and England, will show at 
once, how much better railway business is managed there than 
here : 

Out of 47,509,392 passengers, conveyed on railroads in 
England, only 17 were killed; while out of 7,410,653 passen- 
gers carried on the New York railroads, 162 were killed. In 
England, the chances of being killed on a railroad were as 1 to 
285,017; while, in the United States, the chances were as 1 to 
45,744, thus showing that the chances of being killed in the 
State of New York are between 6 and 7 times as great as in 
England. When things are so in the State of New York, where 
Tve have some of the best roads in the Union, what must the 
comparative danger be on other roads, not near so well equip- 
ped ? This is a subject demanding the most earnest and speedy 
attention of the Legislature at Washington. 

Very few are aware of the wonderful force with which two 
locomotives, moving in opposite directions, come together, if we 
suppose a special train to move at the rate of 60 miles an hour, 
the common speed on some of the English and American rail- 
roads. This is one mile in a minute, or 88 feet in a second. 
Now, if we suppose the entire train to weigh 35 tons, which are 
equal to 70,000 pounds, and which, moving at the rate of 88 feet 
per second, gives a momentum of 6,160,000 pounds, movino- at 
the rate of one foot per second; and when two such locomotives 
meet, moving in opposite directions, the momentum will be 
twice as great, that is, 12,820,000 pounds, moving at the rate 
of one foot pe? second of time. The crash, occasioned by such 
a collision, will just be equal to that produced by 611 cannon 
balls, each 18 lbs., shot from a great gun, charged with the 
usual quantity of gun-powder. If we suppose the velocity to be 
only 30 miles an hour, which is not considered a high speed, and 
the train to weigh 70 tons, the effect produced by a collision with 
another of equal weight would exactly be equal to the last. A 
collision of two, weighing 140 tons each, and moving at the rate 



222 Industrial Resources 

of 15 miles an hour, would be equally disastrous, the momentum 
in each case beinjx the same. 

Notwithstanding that several accidents happen on railroads, 
occasioned by negligence, and other causes over which no one 
has control, yet an inspection of the foregoing accidents in Eng- 
land and this country, will satisfy any one doubtful on the sub- 
ject, that less accidents happen by this mode of traveling than 
by any other whatever. Single tracks, to spare expense, is a 
source of numerous accidents. 

Railroads will supercede all other means of transit, where 
speed and a saving of time are required. The following ta- 
bles will show how far the farmer can afford to carry his pro- 
duce to market on wheels, and how much cheaper he can 
travel by rail, the difference being real profit. The table 
shows the comparative value of a ton of wheat and one of 
corn at given distances from market, as affected by the cost of 
transportation, by railroad, and over the ordinary roads of the 
country : — 

i. Ordinary Highway. 

Corn. 
$24 75 

34 60 

24 45 

24 15 

24 00 

23 85 

23 70 

23 55 

23 49 

23 25 

23 00 

22 95 

12 80 

22 65 

22 50 

22 35 

22 10 

22 05 

21 90 



Miles 


Rail 


at Market. 


Wheat. 


10 


$49 50 


20 


49 25 


SO 


49 20 


40 


49 00 


50 


48 75 


60 


48 60 


70 


48 45 


80 


48 30 


60 


48 15 


100 


48 00 


110 


47 85 


120 


47 70 


130 


47 55 


140 


47 40 


150 


47 25 


160 


47 10 


170 


46 95 


180 


46 80 


190 


46 65 



Wheat. 


Corn. 


$49 50 


$24 75 


48 90 


23 26 


46 50 


21 75 


43 50 


18 75 


42 00 


17 25 


40 50 


15 75 


39 00 


14 25 


37 50 


12 75 


35 00 


11 25 


34 50 


9 75 


33 00 


8 27 


31 50 


6 55 


30 00 


5 25 


28 00 


3 75 


27 00 


2 25 


25 50 


75 


24 00 


00 


22 50 


00 


22 00 


00 





O F 


W 1 s c c 


1 N S I 


N. 




2 


Miles 


Railroad. 




Ordinary 


Highway 


at market. 


Wheat. 


Corn. 


Wheat. 


Corn. 


200 


46 50 


21 


75 


19 


50 


00 


210 


46 35 


21 


60 


18 


00 


00 


220 


46 20 


21 


45 


16 


50 


00 


230 


46 05 


21 


30 


15 


00 


00 


240 


45 90 


21 


16 


13 


50 


00 


250 


45 75 


21 


00 


12 


00 


00 


260 


45 60 


20 


85 


10 


40 


00 


270 


45 45 


20 


70 


9 


00 


00 


280 


45 30 


20 


65 


rr 

i 


50 


00 


290 


45 15 


20 


40 


6 


00 


00 


300 


45 00 


20 


25 


4 


50 


00 


310 


44 85 


20 


10 


3 


00 


00 


320 


44 70 


19 


95 


1 


50 


00 


330 


45 55 


18 


80 





Ou 


00 



223 



It may be seen from these tables, that, at the distance of 170 
miles from market, the cost of hauling a ton of corn that dis- 
tance by the common roads equals the price it will fetch, leav- 
ing the farmer nothing, "while it will leave him $22 10 when 
brought to market the same distance by railroad. A ton of 
wheat, 330 miles from market, is not worth the hauling by wag- 
gon, but by railroad it will be worth $45 55. Thus it appears 
that the value of land enhances as its distance from a railroad 
diminishes. From this view of the case, every farmer ought to 
strain every nerve to bring a railroad through the district in 
which he lives-.* 

INSTRUCTIONS TO EMIGRANTS. 

Persons intending to come to America should form all their 
future plans of operation at home, on rational principles, found- 
ed on accurate information derived from some reliable source; 
as a stranger in this country can form iio plan of his own, from 
the fact that the moment he enters New York or Boston, he is 
thrown into a whirlpool of advising knaves, in which he is tossed 
about and ultimately swallowed up, having no power amidst 
such conflicting elements to steer his own course. The Irish 
emigrant encounters his first difficulty in Liverpool, where he 

* The above table was made in 1855, may noL answer the present "state of thingt-, but it* 
general bearing is correct at all times. 



224 Industrial Resources 

is assailed at every corner and lane by one of those runners, so 
perfect in his calling, that he is sure to swindle the poor delud- 
ed Irishman out of a few shillings at least- Let the Irish avoid 
these as they would the plague. Let the emigrant go into some 
respectable office at once, and pay for his passage, if he had not 
done so before in one of the branch offices in Ireland. On his 
arrival in New York, he is sure to be welcomed to the land of 
liberty by shoals of monsters in human form, all vieing with 
each other in tendering advice, and doing some friendly service 
to the stranger. Let him not listen to these villains, but go at 
once to the Irish Emigration Society, where he will get proper 
advice and instruction how to act, and where to go in search 
of employment, land, or whatever he may require. The 
members of this society are Irishmen of respectability. There 
is at present an agent from the State of Wisconsin in New 
York, who will give advice to all strangers, whether Irish, 
German, Dutch, English or Norwegian. From the respect- 
ability of this agent, his advice should be received without he- 
sitation. 

When strangers, depending on wages for a livelihood, land in 
New York or Boston, their best chance for employment is con- 
siderably increased by moving westward, which they can do at 
little cost, on account of the competition between boats and rail- 
road cars leaving the seaboard towns. The prosperous state of 
the ao-ricultural interest in Wisconsin, and the vast amount of 
railroad operations now going forward in every part of the State, 
have created a demand for labor which far exceeds the supply 
in the market.* 

Emigrants coming to Wisconsin, or to any of the Western 
States, had better purchase a ticket in New York, which will 
bring them all through by one or either of the great Centru' 
routes. The emigrant can travel all the way from New York 
to the west by water, which is by far the cheapest, but the most 
tedious and annoying, so much so indeed that few travel that 



♦ When I wrote the abore instructionB for the use of foreign emigrants (1S55; coining to 
America, strangers were surrounded l>y more dangers and difBcnlties than at present. When 
immigrants arrive at New York, let them go at once to Castle Garden, where they will be 
directed by the proper authorities how to act. If they come to Milwaukee, they can call on 
the Imm grnfon Commisioner, Col. 0. C. Johnson, whose oflfice ie in Fourth Sliett, and they 
Will find him ready and willing to answer all enquiries regarding land and employment, and 
give them information and advice. 



OF Wisconsin. 223 

way. Travelling by steam on the lakes is cheap, pleateant and 
safe; but on the canal it is both tedious and disagreeable. The 
emigrant should know that he could make his way to the west 
partly by railroad and partly by steamboat. This mixed mode 
of travelling may answer very well for some parties, while the 
qui^k route, all the way by railroad, may suit others. The choice 
is to depend on the quantity of baggage owned by the parties. 
The railroad is the quickest, and perhaps the best, when parties 
are not incumbered by much baggage; but in case of much 
weighty baggage, the mixed mode of travelling is the best and 
cheapest. 

On every side the stranger will see flashy placards, flaming 
advertisements, and artful runners, but let him not turn to the 
right or left to read them, till some friend has informed him of 
the character of the person who issues them. If the stranger 
wants to purchase land, let him go into some respectable land 
office, many of which are to be found in all ouf western towns, 
and he may rest assured of getting a good title, as no respect- 
able land agent will compromise his character by deceiving the 
purchaser. 

All the towns along the lake shore have respectable land of- 
fices, where persons in quest of farms can suit themselves. 
Having a general knowledge of all the towns and country parts 
of the State, I shall at all times be ready to advise strangers, 
and direct them to any place to which they may wish to go. 
Millers, iron founders, mechanics and laborers, will always find 
i.r me ready to direct them where water-power, mineral, or work 
may be had. 

Persons coming from the old country have no business to in- 
cumber themselves with furniture, or indeed with baggage of any 
kind, as most things can be had here nearly as cheap as there, 
and some things cheaper. It is a mistake even to bring too 
much clothes. When the emigrant arrives at Milwaukee, or 
any town on the lake; he had better take lodgings at once, or 
go into some respectable, honest boarding-house, and then ap- 
ply to some respectable land agent in town for a farm, which he 
can easily procure, of any size to suit his purpose. 

Strangers coming to Wisconsin are not to be deceived by sup- 
posing that the can get land in any part they please at governs 
14 



224 Industrial Resources 

ment price, ($1.25). Large bodies of government land, how- 
ever, can be had in the north and north-west parts of the State, 
which maybe bought for S1.25; and any amount of second hand 
land may be had in any part of the State at prices varying from 
$15 to $40, according to the improvement made, and the dis- 
tance from market. These prices do not apply to land in the 
vicinity of Milwaukee, Racine, Janesville, Beloit, or Madison; 
or, perhaps, in the immediate vicinity of Sheboygan, Fond du 
Lac, Oshkosh, or Kenosha; but, as a general thing, excellent 
farming land can be had for the above prices. Strangers look- 
ing for a home ought to look more to location and proximity to 
market than to the first price. Such as may be desirous of pur- 
chasing government land must go to Menasha, Stevens' Point, 
Mineral Point or La Crosse, where the land offices are kept; 
but persons wanting improved farms, had better come to Mil- 
waukee, which is the great emporium for the sale of land al- 
ready located. 



Strikes and Combinations. 

CAPITAL AND LABOR— EMPLOYERS AND WORK- 
MEN. 

Since the above article was written, I have learned, with 
great regret, that operations have been suspended at the Bay 
View Rolling Mills, by reason of a misunderstanding between 
the company and a few of the working men — two parties mutu- 
ally dependent upon each other — two parties so allied to each 
other, that when one suffers the other suffers also, but not per- 
haps in the same degree. 

It is not necessary to use much logic to prove that labor is 
the prime element of national progress and prosperity. Without 
labor the richest field may naturally grow luxuriant grass and 
rank weeds, but no wheat or barley, the owner of the soil not 
knowing how to shake the seeds, plow or harrow the land, or 
fence the field to prevent the intrusion of beasts in case of a 
crop. He was not able to reap the crop when ripe, thrash, 
winnow or house the grain, having neither spade or shovel, 



Strikes and Combinations. 225 

reaping hook or flail, house or barn, and utterly unable to make 
a spade or shovel, a plow or harrow, reaping hook or flail, house 
or born. In this position the owner of the soil is quite help- 
less, requiring the services of the common laborer, the carpen- 
ter, the blacksmith^ the nailer, and many others to fill minor 
offices, all of whom I call working men. But all these must 
stand idle if no one with capital be at hand to employ them, and 
pay for their skill and labor. The collective number of all 
these working men are like a machine composed of many wheels, 
cogs, levers, bands, and many other necessary appendages; but 
the entire are useless and must remain at rest if not supplied 
with steam, water, or some motive power to set the entire ma- 
chinery in motion, and make cloth, flour, linen, boards, and 
many other articles necessary for the support and general wants 
of the surrounding district. Capital supplies all these wants. 
Capital is that power which sets all the working classes and 
machinery in motion. This proves how much men of capital 
and working men are dependent upon one another. It is, there- 
fore, much to be regrettea that any occurrence should take place 
calculated to separate two parties whose interests are so inter- 
woven as a company possessing capital and working men pos- 
sessing bone, sinew and skill. 

But all working men or employers are not angels. A work- 
ing man is sometimes liable to slip, but humanity and forbear- 
ance call upon his employer to give him time to rise and re- 
pent for neglect of duty, disobedience of orders or other reasons, 
and give him a second trial. I am very glad that my views in 
this respect are met by the wise and humane agreement entered 
into by the Bay View Company and their workmen, namely, to 
give two week's notice before a final separation could take 
place. The Company have done so. The third reason given 
by the Secretary of the Company, in his communication to the 
Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, for serving notices, as above stated, 
leaves room for a compromise; therefore, I would recommend 
the nine heaters to make an [apology for having violated the 
agreement by leaving before giving due notice. If a cog or any 
part of a machine should be out of order, broken and altogether 
useless, such part of the machinery should be repaired, and that 
entirely useless should be replaced by a new one. In like man- 



226 Strikes and Combinations. 

ner, if a working man should slip by reason of neglect, want of 
caution or other reason, it is humane and wise to give him time 
to repent and mend his ways; but if, after having been notified, 
he neglects to repair his conduct, or if he renders himself en- 
tirely useless, his employer, as a matter of course, should sup- 
ply his place by a new hand, as the example might corrupt 
others, as one sickly sheep might infect the entire flock. 

What are called strikes are a great evil. In the case of the 
strike at Bay View, the nine heaters who refused to work, not 
only threw themselves out of employment, but deprived nine 
hundred men of providing for themselves and families while 
idle. These strikers do more; they deprive surrounding dis- 
tricts of the use of thousands of dollars, which would be distri- 
buted to supply the wants of all the families depending on the 
wages of the working men. In a large community of working 
men few strikes are general, as in most cases the majority 
would rather remain in employment, if left to their own will and 
choice, than join the striking party. 

Those who strike for higher wages and other reasons may do 
so, but they have no right to compel others to do any act which 
they know is not for their good, but which they know is to their 
injury. These proceedings are wrong. Strikers have a per- 
fect right to combine and choose for themselves; but no right 
whatever to choose for others or compel them to do any act 
against their own will. They have no right to ill use or threat- 
en any of their fellow laborers, or those brought from other dis- 
tricts or counties who are satisfied to work for less wages than 
themselves. This conduct is like that of the dog in the man- 
ger, which will not eat the hay or oats himself, or allow other 
animals to touch it. This conduct sometimes does a great deal 
of mischief, evil and injury. I remember that over fifty years 
ago, a wealthy English company went to the city of Cork, for 
the express purpose of building a factory there on a very large 
scale; and knowing that Cork contained no bricklayer or 
masons accustomed to build furnaces or tall chimneys, which 
they required for their intended business, they brought over 
English bricklayers and masons who, on arriving in the " beau- 
tiful city, called Cork," were saluted with a copious discharge of 
vitriol, every John Bull spotfed, receiving from Paddy the 



Strikes and Combinations. 227 

whole contents of his can, and a hearty stroke of his shillaly 
into the bargain, proving that though Paddy was not as handy 
as John Bull in setting brick and stone, he was his superior in 
throwing vitriol and wheeling the Irish black thorn or shillaly. 
This foolish and inhuman conduct frightened the wealthy Eng- 
lish company to such a degree, that they picked up all their 
traps and returned to England, accompanied by a goodly num- 
ber of blind bricklayers and masons, leaving the citizens of 
Cork and its surroundings to sigh for the loss of all the millions 
of sterling money which would have been scattered amongst 
them from that day to this. 

A timber merchant in Dublin, here called a lumber merchant, 
conceived the idea of carrying on his business on a large scale, 
and for that purpose built a saw mill, driven by steam, the first 
of the kind built in Ireland, all the boards made before, having 
been sawed by two men called sawyers, the one standing on the 
top and the other at the bottom of a pit, each holding the end 
of a straight saw, which they worked by pulling it up and down. 
These two men, who earned their bread by pulling different 
ways, and by sawing as little wood as would make little profit 
for the merchant, joined by all the sawyers in Dublin, conceiv- 
ing the idea that this new puffing intruder would take away all 
their business, combined together to destroy and ill use any and 
all that would dare to work in it. 

Firmly determined to carry their foolish intentions into exe- 
cution, they furnished themselves with vitriol cans, and stout 
black thorn sticks, tipped with heavy ferules of the best iron, 
and lost no time in giving a practical proof of their determina- 
tion. Accordingly they commenced a war of extermination 
against all that dared to work in the new puffing house, and 
succeeded in blinding many and killing some, for which two, if 
I remember rightly, were executed, the judge before whom they 
were tried being Lord Norbury, long to be remembered for the 
avidity with which he suspended numbers of Irishmen by the 
neck for the part they took in the Irish rebellion of '98. In 
passing sentence of death on these unfortunate men, he could 
not allow the opportunity to slip without perpetrating one of 
his puns, though about to discharge the solemn duty of launch- 
ing two human beings from time into eternity. In delivering 



228 Strikes and Combinations. 

his charge, his Lordship said, among other things — " I knew ye 
could not come to a better end, as ye have been all your life- 
time pulling diflFerent ways." 



SKILLED AND UNSKILLED LABOR. 

There is no country that I know of where skilled and un- 
skilled labor are so much on a par, as regards wages, as Ame- 
rica. This arises from more causes than one. In the first 
place, many attempt to do every handy-craft work without any 
previous training; and, in the second place, from the vast 
amount of manual labor to be done in the country, requiring 
physical strength. There are other reasons which I mean to 
discuss yet. 

The circumstances of every country regulates the wages of 
skilled as well as of unskilled labor. In Ireland, unskilled la- 
bor is very inadequately paid, while professional skill is highly 
rewarded. This arises partly from the vast amount of labor in 
the country as compared with the limited demand. No one 
feels more the justice of paying well for labor than I do, but as 
there is no country in the world where such high wages are paid 
for unskilled labor as in America, it follows that there is less 
reason existing for these strikes we so frequently hear of on 
railroads, mines, factories and other works where a number of 
men are employed. Convinced that freedom of action and free- 
dom of labor are essential to industrial progress, regret to read 
of frequent strikes in several foreign countries as well as in our 
own. Such strikes are highly destructive to the general inte- 
rest of any nation where they exist. Every man, no doubt, has 
a perfect right to set whatever value he pleases on his own la- 
bor. His labor and skill are his own property, and, therefore, 
has a right to refuse a lower oiFer and remain idle; but he has 
no right to control others. If others think proper to offer 
their labor for half what he demands for his, they have a per- 
fect right to do so, and he has no right whatever to control 
them. As well, he has a right to demand a certain sum for 
his labor, so has the employer an equal right to refuse to pay 
it, if he thinks it his interest to do so. This is just the rela- 
tion that exists between the employer and the working man. 



Strikes and Combinationf. 229 

The employer, of course, must have his profit on the labor of 
the working man, for which he ought to feel pleased, and the 
wages, agreed upon by the contracting parties, ought to be re- 
ceived by the workman with thankfulness, as that is his profit 
on the contract. The history of industrial labor in America 
and elsewhere is full of revolting scenes, riots and bloodshed 
among laborers, which are really disgraceful, and equally de- 
structive to the best interests of all concerned. Some years 
ago, a strike took place in England, which entailed a loss upon 
workmen and employers amounting to millions of pounds. In 
no case would I recommend a strike, as the experience of ages 
proves that it is injurious, not only to both parties concerned, 
but to the entire district in which such an occurence takes 
place. Comfort and wealth are always conservative, and averse 
to change or destruction, while present want and nothing re- 
served for a rainy day, caused perhaps by idleness or dissipa- 
tion, make some persons reckless. I am sorry to find that 
societies, composed of the laboring classes, are multiplying and 
extending their doctrine of combinations and strikes throughout 
many parts of Europe as well as America. Such combinations 
are injurious and dangerous to the prosperity, peace and secu- 
rity of any country, when they become too numerous and for- 
midable; and, therefore, it becomes the imperative duty of every 
well disposed working maa to preach peace and order, as such 
confederations might, unfortunately, lead to serious disturb- 
ances, amounting almost to revolution. And be it remembered 
that a revolution is a monster that goes about with a two-edged 
sword in one hand and a flaming torch in the other, dealing 
death and destruction on every side, as he proceeds in his tor- 
tuous course. There is no country in the world where the 
working man is so well paid as in America, and, therefore, 
there is less reason and less excuse for these strikes here than 
elsewhere. After all that can be tried, the wages of labor must 
be regulated by demand and supply like other articles offered for 
sale in the market. 

I remember well the persecutions suffered by working men in 
England, Ireland and Scotland for various reasons, none of 
which was sufficient to diminish the enormity of the crime, or 
excuse the guilty actor. Money is like manure, which becomes 



230 Strikes and Combinations. 

a nuisance, if allowed to accumulate, but if spread abroad, 
makes the face of nature smile, by clothing the fields with 
flowers that diffuse their sweet odor through the air, Avhile 
money, lying idle in some dark, secret spot, only makes the 
owner tremble with fear on hearing the smallest breeze whistle 
through his iron-barred door at night, fancying it was a mid- 
night robber who came to steal his hidden treasure. I never 
knew an employer to succeed who had no sympathy for those 
he employed; nor do I recollect to have seen the ringleader in 
a strike over-burthened Avith a stock of common sense or per- 
severing industry. 

The substitution of machinery for manual labor called into 
angry existence many opposing parties, and though the substi- 
tution of machinery had a tendency to lower wages for a time, 
yet the labor saving machine must be protected from the vio- 
lence of combinations. Everything should be done to give a 
stimulus to the substitution of labor-saving machinery, by which 
the employers became emancipated from the dictation of 
strikers, whose demands are sometimes unreasonable, as in the 
case of the wool combers, cotton spinners, and others. Besides 
emancipating masters from the unreasonable demands of work- 
ing men, they have rendered these employments independent of 
combinations, and have materially improved and cheapened the 
products of the manufactures into which they have been intro- 
duced. In almost every case, combinations, if not brought 
about by necessity and proper reasons, generally end in defeat- 
ing the combinators. In rare cases, even, in which workmen, 
from peculiar circumstances, such as their employers having 
entered into some extensive contracts, to be completed within 
some specified periods, have succeeded in obtaining an advance 
in wages, it has almost in every case ended injuriously to them. 
The injurious result is brought about in very many ways, which 
I could point out, if time permitted. I might, however, men- 
tion a few, such as the big wages extorted, attracting too manj 
workers to the business; the heavy expcnces attendant on com- 
binations; the increased price of goods caused by increased 
wages, lessening the sale, &c. Nothing but ignorance could 
bring any one to believe that wages, increased by threats, vio- 
lence and coercion could remain perfectly fixed. When com- 



Strikes and Combinations. 231 

binations raise wages above their proper level, it is easy to see 
that they must be lowered to their proper level, and when they 
are unreasonably low, they must be raised by a combination 
of circumstances, without having recourse to strikes. Demand 
and supply, or capital anot labor will be always able to regulate 
wages. When labor exceeds the demand, wages are low; and 
when the demand for labor exceeds the supply, wages are 
high. 

It is probably wrong to blame work people for the dissatis- 
faction they feel when their wages are lowered, or their working 
hours are increased; but experience proves that if their condi- 
tion is not improved, by making their grievances known by a 
combination of the entire, unaccompanied by violence, or a 
breach of the peace, their application for a better state of things 
will end in disappointment. While I desjre all work people to 
be obedient to the laws, I would emphatically advise all em- 
ployers to give a practical proof that they sympathize with their 
work people, who are doomed, during their lifetime, to labor for 
their elevation and aggrandisement. Nothing is more true than 
that every laborer is worthy of his hire. And another thing is 
equally true, that the employer who wrongs his work people is 
unworthy of any consideration whatever. 

The coal miners in the North of England, to the number of 
40,000, struck for higher wages in 1844, and they were defeated 
by the employers by bringing miners from Scotland, Wales and 
Ireland, who were glad to take their places. The combination 
had scarcely been organized, when the reserved funds of the 
strikers, amounting to many thousand of pounds, besides large 
subscriptions received from outside sympathising strikers, be- 
gan to run low, which obliged the striking miners to submit, and 
return to their work on less wages than they had received be- 
fore, by which they learned a dearly bought lesson, which prov- 
ed to them that several weeks' idleness was a bad substitute for 
the same length of time employed in useful labor. Though I 
am very far from recommending having recourse to combinations 
and strikes upon every occasion in which a dispute may arise 
between employers and workmen, yet it is not to be understood 
that I disapprove of combinations in every possible case. If an 
employer should show a disposition to cut down wages below 



232 Strikis and Combinations. 

the usual and natural level of the trade, careless of the loss of 
the working man, and only anxious to increase his own profits 
far above the level of others in the trade, then the workmen 
have a right to combine and obtain their due, provided they 
employ no undue means, or have recomrse to violence. My re- 
collection of all the evils resulting from strikes in England in 
1853, and some years before, making me indisposed to approve 
of some strikes in our own country. It is not likely that strikes 
will be so frequent or disastrous as similar occurrences in Eng- 
land. Working men have such a facility of shifting from one 
employment into another of a different description — a practice 
which is so common here — that if they should lose their place 
in one establishment they will not find it very difficult to obtain 
work in a different trade. I remember, some years ago, when 
in the country doing engineering work, to meet a respectable 
looking person above the middle age, and after exchanging the 
usual salutation, he freely began to give me part of his history. 
He said that he commenced life as a cow-herd, taking care to 
pick up the rudiments of education at night as well as he could; 
when he grew up a little, he hired as a plowman; the next em- 
ployment he took up was that of a school teacher; while teach- 
ing school he read law, Avhich he practiced for several years. 
Though I thought he was still a practising lawyer, I asked what 
he was then engaged in ? He answered, " I am a preacher of 
the Gospel. I am now going to preach in a school house sbout 
half a mile farther on." At night he learned to read and write, 
and that was sufficient to fit him for the office of school teacher 
in a country place, from which occupation he had no difficulty 
in shifting himself into the profession of the law. But the 
practice of changing from one occupation to another is no lon- 
ger necessary, as increased knowledge and immigration from 
other countries will banish the shifting practice altogether. 

The introduction of the printing press banished thousands of 
scriveners from the desk, while the improved method of making 
nails by the thousand, sent legions of poor nailers to the poor 
house. The substitution of various articles used in agricultu- 
ral cultivation, tended for a time to diminish the demand for 
laborers in the field, while the modern sewing machine, now 
used in almost every family, is assuming the duty of plying the 



Strikes and Combinations 233 

needle, whose use is no longer left to the fingers of the mantua- 
maker. The steam engine is performing wonders throughout 
the world, rendering manual labor and horse power almost need- 
less; shortening time and space, and bringing distant nations 
together, ever before separated by the difficulty of traversing 
pathless oceans in search of new worlds. The steam engine de- 
fies all adverse storms, and performs an amount of labor which 
would require the manual power of a nation. To unwater the 
mines of Cornwall, in England, would require a force equal to the 
combined strength of a nation, and the pumps used for that pur- 
pose, are worked by the steam engine. The modern applica- 
tion of electricity, completely annihilates time and space, en- 
abling the Queen of England and the President of the United 
States to hold a conversation, while the former is enjoying her 
tea and toast, and the latter his favorite cigar. 

Suspend the use of these inventions and modern improve- 
ments and we are thrown back to the dark ages of antiquity. 
Destroy the light of the sun and moon in the heavens, and we 
must gr ;pe our way through the world by the feeble light of a 
distant star in the concave surface of the firmament. Every 
invention and improvement in science, art, agriculture, machin- 
ery, gas light and manufacturing industry of every description 
must ultimately end in the promotion of national advancement. 
In cases where inventions injure the condition of a working 
man, the government has a right to assist and protect him in his 
difficulty. 

The steam engine, which is made entirely of iron, performs 
for us the work of many hundreds of thousands of horses; and 
while it performs most part of this work comparatively better 
than it could have been performed by men and horses, it saves 
a vast amount of toil and suffering. It is not my object to point 
out what steam has done for travelling, railroads, navigation, 
&.C., but simply to show what machinery has done to diminish 
labor. See what the introduction of the power loom, the spin- 
ning jennie, the threshing machine, the modern reaper, the saw 
and planing mill, the improvements in iron foundries, done for 
industrial labor. It is a mistaken idea that the introduction of 
improved machinery injures the laboring classes. It does no such 
thing. If time permitted, I could show that the only loss sus- 



234 Strikes and Combinations. 

tained by any particular class of workmen is only temporarily, 
while the introduction of improved machinery is of extensive 
and everlasting advantage. If by the improvement in the manu- 
facture of shoes, the cost was reduced one-half, the wages of the 
maker may be reduced, and many of them dismissed from work; 
but the inconvenience he suffers is only of short duration, and 
will be more than over balanced by the advantages created by 
the introduction of improved modes of making shoes, as those 
who formerly paid four dollars for a pair of shoes will now only 
pay two dollars; thus they will have much more to expend on 
other things. The diminution of the price being sure to in- 
crease the sale of the article, and the two dollars saved will be 
laid out in some other article which will give employment to 
the maker of that article. 

In the year 1760, not not more than 3,000 or 4,000 persons 
were dependent in Great Britain on the cotton manufacture, but 
so vast was the change in about 100 years, that no less than 
1,500,000 persons were provided with means of subsistence in 
the cotton trade. 



A PERMANENT PLAN TO PREVENT STRIKES, 

AND RESTORE ORDER IN CASES 

OF DIFFICULTY. 

The frequency of strikes in this north western country, and 
the broad area to which they have extended of late, fill me with 
considerable apprehensions that they will end in evil results, if 
the advice of outsiders, not at all concerned in the question at 
issue, and the good sense of the contending parties are not ex- 
ercised with the view of restoring order and friendly feeling be- 
tween two parties, whose social happiness and very existence 
depend on one another. 

As long as things remain as they are in an unsettled state, 
without any permanent plan agreed and subscribed to by both 
parties, strikers will continue and become intolerable, retarding 
improvements in manufacturing industry of every kind, useful 
mechanical inventions, to save manual labor, and kindling feel- 
ings of hatred and ill will, which may be long remembered. 

The loss sustained by the working classes and their families, 
and by the surrounding districts through which wages are cir- 



Strikes and Combinations. 235 

culated, commences to be felt, the moment the strike takes 
place, and the loss continues to increase every day as long as 
the strike continues. Sympathising, especially with those 
parties who cannot bear the losses, I would earnestly recom- 
mend both parties to adopt a sliding scale of wages, to be regu- 
lated by the current price of manufactured articles in a given 
place or district, and if at any future time the parties should 
not agree as to the meaning of the stipulated agreement, before 
subscribed to, the matter in dispute ought to be referred to ar- 
bitration, one party to choose two business, and the others 
two intelligent sensible men, whose decision should be final. 
The Bay View workers struck before the wages were reduced. 
They ought, at least, to wait till the arrival of the evil day. 



ANOTHER LOCK OUT.— THE OPERATIVES AT 
BAY VIEW ON A STRIKE. 

As a friend to law and order; as a friend to justice and the 
restoration of peace between contending parties; as a friend to 
the general diffusion of useful knowledge of every kind ; and as 
a friend to progress and national prosperity, I regret exceed- 
ingly to see in the Milwaukee Sentinel^ under the above cap- 
tion, a second outbreak at the Bay View Rolling Mills, 28th 
day of August, 1873, Yesterday the operatives of the Mil- 
waukee Iron Company suspended their labors on account of a 
prospective reduction of their wages. It appears that the com- 
panies at St. Louis, Springfield, Wyandotte, Joliet, and of this 
City and Chicago, have adopted a sliding scale of wages, based 
upon the price of railway iron in market. The iron has been 
quoted lower than the ruling rates early in the season, conse- 
quently the men were informed that there should be a reduction 
of wages on the scale adopted by manufacturers throughout the 
country. We understand that the operatives at Bay View are 
not a unit in the Lock-Out; but as the heaters refused to work, 
all must cease their labors until there is an adjustment of tlye 
matter. Those conversant with the situation at Bay View, pre- 
dict that the strike or lock-out will not be likely to embarrass 
the company to any extent. It is thought that amicable rela- 
tions will soon be established between employers and em- 



236 Strikes and Combinations. 

ployees, and that everything will move off as swimingly as of 
old. If the sliding scale be rigidly adhered to, vre can see no 
detriment to the busy workers in the long run. 

They ought to know that " enough for the day is the evil 
thereof," without bringing evil on themselves by anticipation. 
The employers had very feasible reasons for giving notice, that 
on commencing a new job for which they were to receive lower 
prices than they were then receiving, they should reduce the 
men's wages to accord with the prices, as they were to receive 
less for the new job. The Bay View Iron Company did not 
stand alone in reducing the price of iron. The companies at 
St. Louis, Springfield, Wyandotte, Joliet, and of this city and 
Chicago have reduced their prices. If the Bay View Company 
reduce their scale of prices, and pay wages on a higher scale 
than they were getting themselves, they would lose the differ- 
ence. If the plan I here propose be adopted, there will be no 
occasion for a strike ; tjut if my plan should not induce strikers to 
return to their duty without loss of time, their places should be 
supplied by men from other places, if the city or neighborhood 
was not sufficient to do so, and the strikers deserve no sympathy. 

If a man of genius should invent or plan a machine, which of 
itself is able to do the work of thousands, the hands thrown out 
of employment ought to be provided for in some way by the go- 
vernment of the country, and the inventor rewarded by an un- 
fading crown of laurels, and a competent pension, if he requir- 
ed one. Humanity and justice demand all this. When a 
method was discovered of making nails by the thousand, poor 
working nailors were sent to the poor-house in droves. In this 
and all similar cases, government ought in duty provide for the 
poor working men, who lost their means of living without any 
fault of theirs, and the inventor deserved the gratitude of future 
generations. How seldom this is the case. When Fulton was 
about to launch his steamboat, the little urchins and big black- 
guards pursued him through the streets of New York, shouting 
out " Mad Fulton, mad Fulton !" as his reward. 

The scarcity of works in Milwaukee, giving any thing like a 
full and authentic account of the invention and introduction of 
labor-saving machinery, now generally used throughout most 
parts of Europe and America, that it is difficult, and in many 



Strikes and Combinations. 237 

cases impossible for me to give exact statistics of numerous 
matters which I discuss in this and other articles to be found in 
my book. I have, however, a recollection of the facts and their 
results. The hue and cry raised in my native country and other 
remote districts, when I was a boy, against the use of new ma- 
chinery, was really ludicrous. When wheels, to spin flax, were 
introduced into the remote parts of Kerry, a general publig hue 
and cry was raised by all the old women of these districts, to 
whom alone was intrusted the spinning of all the linon worn by 
the masses of the population. The process of spinning is easily 
described : An old woman procured a staff about five feet long, 
which she fixed firmly between both her knees, she in a sitting 
posture. On the upper end of her staff she rolled a hank of 
flax and tied it round with a string; she next procured a small 
stick about six inches long, one end of which she pointed with 
a knife of home manufacture, and the other end she rounded a 
little; the pointed end she drove into a ponderous potatoe, and 
the other end was to be held between the finger and thumb of 
the right hand; the only thing now remaining to be done before 
commencing operations, was to make a connection between the 
self-made spindle and the flax on the top of the staff; this, of 
course, was a matter of little difficulty to a person of the expe- 
rience of the old lady in such matters. She tied the end of a 
thread, about three fingers long, round her six inch spindle, and 
attached the other end to the hank of flax to be spun; then, hold- 
ing the round end of her spindle between the finger and thumb 
of the right hand, and the end of the thread attached to the flax 
between the finger and thumb of the left by a quick philip, then 
she gave a whirling, gyratory motion to the spindle, which was 
communicated by the connecting thread to the flax, and when 
she had spun her arm length, she rolled it round her spindle 
and commenced again. When the spinning wheel made its ap- 
pearance, all the old women thought that the end of the world 
was fast approaching. 

What I have here stated shows the state of things in the re- 
mote parts of Ireland when I was a boy. How different are 
things now. 

There was scarcely a class of working people in any business 
that had suffered so long as sewing women. They had to add 



238 Strikes and Combinations. 

* the night to the day to enable them to support a bare existence; 
and when the sewing machine was announced, it was supposed 
that they should starve; but I am happy to know that instead 
of that great invention injuring sewing women, it has consider- 
ably improved their condition, and elevated them socially to a 
higher position. They never occupied the lower ranks, being 
generally the children of respectable parents, that gave them a 
tolerable education. Poor sewing women very often lost their 
health early in life by reason of close confinement for many 
hours together, and many lost their eye sight by sewing at 
night. Now, when employed to work on the sewing machine, 
they earn .in a day what they would scarcely get in a week 
working by hand. Very many within the city of Milwaukee 
alone have been very much benefitted by the use of the sewing 
machine, because a greater amount of work is accomplished by 
it in a few hours than by hand sewing in many weary days and 
nights. Women can now devote more time to other household 
occupations, their hours of labor being diminished, and not en- 
tirely dependent on work. 

I have been informed by a Milwaukee gentleman, who has a 
right to know, that very many have been able to secure for them- 
selves and families comfortable homes, for which, as being own- 
ers, they pay no rents. 

All the facts stated in relation to the use of machinery hold 
true in every part of the world where they have been tried. The 
substitution of improved machinery, for what I must call the 
old treadmill, has emancipated thousands of the working classes 
from endless slavery, saving the premature wear and tear of hu- 
man life, caused by the old treadmill mode of performing works 
of labor. 

To write upon strikes is not a task in which the writer must 
find it difficult to escape without censure; it is a task difficult to 
be accomplished so as to please and satisfy both contending 
parties. In stating my views, and advising the adoption of a 
plan, which gives neither party any apparent advantage more 
than the other, ^,1 had no private or personal interest to serve, 
my only object being to check an evil of long standing, to pre- 
vent a recurrence of a practice which long experience has proved 
to be injurious to both parties. I like to see capital laid out 



Strikes and Combinations. 239 

in useful works, and aui happy to see the owner receive ample 
remuneration for the use of his money, as that will encourage 
him to do more, and exceedingly happy to see the working 
classes employed in useful labor, by which they are enabled to 
provide for themselves and families the means of comfortable 
living. These are results never brought about by strikes, 
coercion, violent combinations, or opposition to the introduction 
of labor saving machinery. 

I published many of the facts stated in this article before; but 
as the laboring classes seem, from the reports of the public press, 
to be extending their doctrine of combination, perhaps beyond 
the limits of peace and order, I thought I would multiply facts 
to prove that violence and coercion are not the best means they 
can adopt to obtain their just rights, should any occurrence 
arise showing a disposition to infringe them. I am sorry to 
hear that Chinese laborers are pouring in upon us by the thou- 
sand. We are ready to receive the natives of any country, 
who come here to work and make their homes. Without foreign 
immigration, America, if left to her own natural growth, could 
not in many centuries to come be what she now is — a nation of 
great power and prosperity-- honored and respected among na- 
tions of long standing for the rapid progress she has made in 
education, trade and art and manufactures, and, indeed, in 
every branch of industrial labor, calculated to make a people 
happy. Every German, Irishman, Norwegian, and other Euro- 
peans that have settled amongst us, has added something to our 
strength; but 1 am not ready to allow that crowds of Chinamen, 
landing on our shores every day, are calculated to add much to 
our strength or pro.sperity. They are bad workmen, and can 
hardly be civilized. I am not sufficiently posted as to the man- 
ner so many come here; but I would say, that if they should re- 
duce wages below what is reasonable, the injured party should 
apply to the United States Government to interfere and inves- 
tigate the matter. The American working people have no legal 
power to help themselves; therefore, the Government should 
take up their case. 

The subject matter of this article affects every working man; 
therefore, I have ordered a certain number of extra copies of 
this number of my book to be struck ofiF, for sale to those who 
do not subscribe for the whole work. 
15 



240 Industrial Resources 



Industrial Resources, 



MENOMONEE REGION. 



What State of the Union is so well supplied with that most 
useful, and, indeed, indispensible article, iron, as Wisconsin ? 
Without that article no nation could exist. Civilization must 
soon disappear, and many social habits, now existing, must 
soon be abandoned. Do away with the use of iron, and the 
human family must sink almost to the level of brutes that roam 
the uncultivated forests in quest of food to supply their natu- 
ral wants, and prolong existence. The spade and shovel; the 
plow and harrow, and every article, from the finest needle, pli- 
ed by the most delicate fingers of the queen of creation^ to 
the most ponderous anchor that defies the wildest hurricane to 
drag the largest ship that ploughs the unsheltered ocean from 
her holding ground, is made of iron. Iron is the best material 
to be used where great strength and unbending rigidity are re- 
quired or perfect elasticity and delicacy of form. Besides the 
vast fields of iron mines at the Iron Ridge and those at Lake 
Superior, immense fields have been recently explored, known 
as the " M'enomonee Iron Mines," a description of which I 
copy from the Milwaukee /Sentinel, as written by a special cor- 
respondent, who is represented as well qualified to discharge 
the duty of the task : 

MENOMONEE IRON FIELDS, 

Menomonee, Mich., July 21. — The Lake Superior iron re- 
gion has been pretty thoroughly explored as far south as the 
ridge which divides the waters that flow into Superior from 
those that flow into Green Bay and Lake Michigan; and the 
country lying north of this ridge includes nearly all of that 
popularly classed as the iron fields of the upper peninsula of 
Michigan. In the minds of a few, however, there has long 
been an impression that south of this ridge, in the space of 



OF Wisconsin 241 

country extending to the Menomonee River, the boundary line 
between Michigan and Wisconsin, and, indeed, in Wisconsin, 
there are immense beds of iron ore, equal in extent and rich- 
ness to those on the Superior side of the water-shed. Rea- 
sonable ground for this belief was formed in the discovery of 
what is now known as 

LITTLE STURGEON FALLS MINE, 

in 1867, at a point about twenty-eight miles from the mouth 
of Deer Creek, a small stream falling into Green Bay. The 
ores then taken from this mine, near the surface of the ground, 
and submitted to analysis, gave 60 per cent, of metalic iron. 
This test was repeated sometime in the summer of 1870, with 
a similar result, and a bout the same time a deposit of mar- 
ble or granite was found in the vicinity. The existence of the 
marble had been known for some years, but its extent was 
only a matter of conjecture. It is now known that almost in- 
exhaustible quantities of it are there, and so situated as to be 
easily quarried so soon as means of conveying it to market are 
supplied. Whether it will ever be useful for the various pur- 
poses to which white marble is applied cannot now be told, but 
a high authority has already asserted that no other building 
stone in America equals it. 

THE BREEN MINE, 

about which much has been said, lies about two miles east of 
Little Sturgeon Falls mine. It presents on one side of 
a high ridge a solid wall of iron ore from thirty to fifty feet 
in perpendicular height. The ridge is a quarter of a ' mile 
wide at its base, and from fifty to a hundred feet high at its 
crown. On the crown, where trees have been uprooted by the 
wind, the roots have lifted the thin layer of earth covering the 
ore and shown that the ridge is almost all solid iron. If any- 
thing may be judged safely from the history of mines, it is 
that the depth of this deposit is much greater than its height. 

THE BREITUNG MINE 

is about seven miles west of the Breen mine, and is under the 
control of the Milwaukee Iron Company. It gives good pro- 
.mise. A vein of soft, blue hematite ore has been exposed a 



242 Industrial Resources. 

distance of 450 feet to a point where its width reaches 90 feet. 
Specular ore is the article required, however, and of that an 
immense deposit has been found, which works 46 per cent, of 
iron, but is not yet as rich as it will probably prove when push- 
ed a little farther. 

THE QUINNISEC MINE, 

still five miles farther west, is attracting attention just now. It 
is in the hands of citizens of Menomonee, who are developing 
its extent and quality as fast as possible. The exposure is on 
a southern and eastern slope and trenches have been cut across 
the veins at right angles, exposing, first, a vein of brown hema- 
tite, which, I am assured by Colonel Lynn of the Marquette 
Mining Journal, is'not excelled by any in the country. A fair 
quality of red specular ore has also been found, and work is 
now progressing for the further development of it, 

IN A SPACE 

of eighteen miles north by fifteen west from the Breen mine — 
which is the nearest to the Bay shore — there are fourteen mines 
having distinct out-croppings and on which special examinations 
have been made quite to the satisfaction and often to the sur- 
prise of iron men. This includes no references to numerous 
fainter appearances where no work has been done. In fact 
little has yet been accomplished in comparison with the extent 
of the field to be explored. From Green Bay to the mines is 
all a dense forest, and few roads are yet provided for the ac- 
commodation of the work. Until recently it was necessary for 
all explorers to carry in their stores on their backs; but the im- 
petus received from this summer's operations will soon clear 
away these hindrances. One may readily foresee the iron horse 
packing in supplies and packing out a boundless wealth of iron, 
for such deposits as exist here cannot fail to create a center of 
industries fully equal to that which has grown up since 1856 on 
the north shore of the peninsula. Immence forests of timber 
extend on each side of the Menomonee and on all its branches 
through to Lake Michigamrai, and furnish inexhaustible sup- 
plies for shipment and for charcoal. Indeed, this whole dis- 
trict is comprised within the comparatively unexplored portion 
of the peninsula, and only enough is known of it to give assu- 



OF Wisconsin. 243 

ranee that it holds a wealth beyond the most daring guess yet 
made concerning it. 

THE IRON FIELD 

of which this forms a part reaches through to Lake Superior; 
or, in other words, the Menomonee iron mines are only a south- 
ern out-crop of the Superior mines. They have already been 
followed north to Lake Michigammi, and are found without dig- 
ging to be sufficiently distinct to warrant that belief. 

' ON THE WISCONSIN SIDE 

of the river less is known of them, though the similiarity in the 
conformation of the country indicates that iron is there. " Float 
ore," as it is called, has been found there in plenty, but no dis- 
tinct out-cropping have been brought to public notice, and no 
digging has been done. I am assured by good judges, though, 
that diligent exploration can hardly fail to bring to light beds of 
ore in Oconto county fully as rich as those in Menomonee on 
the opposite side. Specimens of ore have been brought in from 
that quarter by explorers for pine timber, that gave the right 
kind of surface indications, and some of them have specimens 
now undergoing test from which they confidently expect to dis- 
close paying silver. At any rate, the little that has been done 
to throw light on the deposits on the Wisconsin side has quite 
satisfied judges of such matters that a large tract of country on 
that side is rich in minerals. 

BY THE WAY. 

In what I have said, no attempt is made either at geographi- 
cal or geological delineation of the locality. That would require 
more time and investigation than I can give the subject to-night. 
Of the water-power, too, on this river flowing through the iron 
district, there is left no time to speak. I will only add the lan- 
guage of a gentleman from the Lake Superior iron mines who is 
here now making explorations for his own satisfaction. "It is 
certain that Menomonee county has one of the largest and most 
valuable iron districts in the United States; and if you add to 
that the timber of the region, and the water-power of the Me- 
nomonee River and its tributaries, which is equal to the water- 
power of the whole of New England, leaving out Maine, you 



244 Industrial Resource?. 

may safely pronounce it the most promising quarter now being 
opened in the country." 

A SUGGESTION. 

Milwaukee has heretofore had but a slight hold on the iron 
interest of this peninsula, and now is certainly her opportunity 
to invest further. A great trade must go out of these mines to 
some point, and the question is who will help it along and reap 
the benefit of it ? Not the men who wait a few years, but those 
who sail in on the first breeze. The Milwaukee and Northern 
Railroad will penetrate this quarter, no doubt, and find a paying 
trade at once. But whether it will carry to the advantage of 
Milwaukee is for her capitalists to decide, and they cannot de- 
cide the question too soon. 

The Menomonee district lies northeast of Oconto county. It 
belongs to the State of Michigan, and is separated from Oconto 
county, in the State of Wisconsin, by the Menomonee river. 
Iron being the best material of which to construct any article 
requiring great strength, unbending rigidity, perfect elasticity 
and delicacy of form, and being found in such abundance and 
quality, so near the gigantic and well managed rolling mills at 
Bay View, it cannot fail of proving an additional blessing to 
Milwaukee and other northeastern towns in Wisconsin con- 
taining iron manufacturing establishments. This iron mine 
being so accessible by water carriage to Bay View, gives that 
useful establishment additional advantages which many such in- 
stitutions do not enjoy. 



FOND DU LAC AND MILWAUKEE RAILROAD, 

The railroad connecting the cities of Fond du Lac and Mil- 
waukee, knoAvn as the Air Line, is completed and in running 
order. The opening of this road, so long spoken of, Avas cele- 
brated on the 6th day of September, 1873, by the representa- 
tive people of Fond Du Lac, joined by the prominent citizens of 
the towns through which it passes, amounting in all to 600 or 
700 persons. The merchants and business men of Milwaukee 
undertook to provide for the reception and entertainment of the 
excursionists, who arrived in our city at 10 o'clock in the fore- 
noon. The Hon. Harrison Ludington, the Mayor of the city, 



OF Wisconsin. 245 

and the Hon. John Nazro, Vice-president of the Chamber of 
Commerce, and President of the Republican Convention lately 
held in Madison, and William J. Langson, Esq., the gentle- 
manly and efficient Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, ac- 
companied by a large number of the prominent gentlemen of our 
city, proceeded to receive and greet the excursionists on their 
arrival at the railroad depot. On their arrival, Mayor Luding- 
ton, in a short, but pertinent sjjcech, welcomed the visitors and 
tendered them the freedom and hospitalities of the city, and 
Hon. John Nazro made a speech, worthy of record, proving 
him to be at all times among the foremost of our citizens to or- 
ganize and carry into eifect any project calculated to promote 
the interest of Milwaukee. Mr. Nazro was followed by the 
Hon. C. J. L. Meyer, President of the Air Line Road, to 
whose exertions the people are mainly indebted for the benefit 
this road is to confer on the two principal cities of the State, 
and on a district of country not inferior to any in the north 
west. 

It is over twenty years ago, when the late Hon. James Halli- 
day, asked me to select a corps of engineers to assist me, as 
engineer in chief, to make a survey and take the levels of the 
Fond du Lac Air Line; and having selected a sufficient force, 
he and I went out to locate a point to start from ; and having 
chosen a property, which I had purchased from him a short time 
before on the South Side, he went to argue a law case in court, 
where, after having made a speech in the case, he fell dead; 
which melancholy occurrence put an end to further engineering 
operations in the railroad. The project has been renewed from 
time to time, as stated by Mr. Nazro in his speech on the open- 
ing day of the road. The road is now open for traffic, after many 
obstacles and disappointments, proving that earnest and deter- 
mined perseverance is able to overcome great difficulties. 



GREEN BAY, 

in the immediate vicinity of Fort Howard, is on the east bank 
of Fox River, one mile from where it empties itself into the 
bay, from which the town of Green Bay takes its name. It is 
connected with Fort Howard by a good bridge. Green Bay is 



246 Industrial Resources 

destined to become a town of importance, being at the terminus 
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and of the Fox river, 
which will be soon made navigable from the Mississippi river. 
The Chicago &- Northwestern Railroad has a station at Fort 
Howard, of which Green Bay takes advantage. Green Bay, in 
1870, had a population of 6000, and is rapidly increasing. It 
is 150 miles from Milwaukee, and 242 miles from Chicago. It 
is the oldest town of the State. When this town is connected 
with Lake Michigan, by a canal — an event which a short time 
will bring about— it will be one of the principal shipping points 
in the Northwest. 

The great drawback to this town has been the length and in- 
tricacy of the bay, but the proposed canal across the peninsula, 
will obviate it. The navigation of the Fox river, from the Mis- 
sissippi to Lake Michigan, and the railroads issuing from the 
town, when completed, and the proposed canal, will open up 
vast resources to Green Bay. The vast trade of the valley of 
the Fox river must make its way to the eastern markets 
through this point; the extensive regions of pine timber sur- 
rounding it, must send their inexhaustible supplies through it; 
and some of the mines, for which Wisconsin is celebrated, must 
pay tribute to Green Bay in passing their hidden treasures 
through it. 

From its high latitude, one would suppose that the cold in 
winter is very severe; but the inhabitants tell me that the win- 
ters are not very much colder than in Milwaukee. From per- 
sonal knowledge, I know that the climate in summer is mild, 
pleasant and exhilerating. The river, at the town, is about a 
mile broad, and the bay is dotted with little islands, which 
make navigation rather difficult. The woods, in the neighbor- 
hood of Green Bay, are visited in their season by deer, part- 
ridge, woodcock and pigeon. The bay and river, of course, 
have their share of water-fowl peculiar to northern latitudes. 
Green Bay has its Opera house, in which companies, from Chi- 
cago generally, hold forth to civilize and amuse the play-goiug 
population. Green Bay has several large hotels, which are 
■well kept. It is supplied with banks, school houses, churches, 
tradesmen's shops, and stores for the sale of all the necessary 



OF Wisconsin. 247 

articles required by the people. Be it remembered that I say, 
Green Bay will become a large and good town in time. 



PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, 

one of the oldest towns in the State, is on the bank of the Mis- 
sissippi, and contained (in 1870,) 3,111 inhabitants. It is the 
terminus of the Milwaukee railroad, which is extended from Mc- 
Gregor, through Iowa. The late Hon. G. G. Dousman was 
the founder of this f lace, in which his widow and son occupy a 
handsome residence, finely situated, and surrounded by grounds 
tastefully laid out. The present owner is an affable and polite 
young gentlemen, well spoken of and likely to fill his position, 
as an extensive proprietor with credit to himself, and benefit to 
the many who live under him. 

The credit of Prairie du Chien is highly enhanced, by the 
residence of the Hon. General John Lawler, whose charities and 
munificence are so peculiarly calculated to perpetuate his name 
through generations yet unborn. 

This great public benefactor has been very liberal in the 
cause of education, having donated, as I am credibly informed, 
$26,000 to St. John, College, an institution at present in the 
charge of the Christian Brothers. He also donated the ne- 
cessary grounds for a Convent School, known as St. Mary's 
Institute, in charge of the school sisters of Nortre Dame, and 
contributed very liberally to the erection of the building. 

Prairie du Chien has one of the best hotel in the United 
States, known as the Dousman House, conducted by Mr. Wil- 
liams, a person fitted, in every respect, to discharge all the 
duties of the position he occupies. Mr. Williams is in every 
sense of the word, a gentleman, whose veins are full of the 
milk of human kindness. He is w^atchful of every thing com- 
mitted to his care, polite and attentive to his guests, who are not 
half an hour under his roof before they feel convinced that they 
are carefully provided for during their stay at the Dousman 
House. I have been in twelve States of this Union, and in Up- 
per and Lower Canada, and I have no hesitation in stating that 
in all my travels, I have not met the landlord of any hotel his 
superior. 



248 Industrial Resources. 

OCONOMOWOC. 

The town of Oconomowoc lies on the east side of the Chicago, 
Milwaukee &. St. Paul Railway, distant from Milwaukee thirty 
one miles, and from Chicago one hundred and sixteen miles. 
It has a population of about 2,000, and is increasing every 
year. It is becoming a place of summer resort, by reason of 
its delightful situation, being built on a chain of forty-one 
lakes, none of which is more than nine miles distant. Both 
these lakes occupy a pretty high position, Fowler's Lake being 
281 feet, and Lac La Belle 273 feet above the level of Lake 
Michigan. Oconomowoc Lake, distant from the town no more 
than one mile, is 282 feet above the level of Lake Michigan. 
The drive from the town to this lake is a favorite one of stran- 
gers, who visit this fine summer retreat. Fowler's Lake and 
Lac La Belle, are connected by a narrow stream, spanned by a 
handsoma bridge. The fall, between these two lakes, is about 
eight feet. The two lakes are about three miles in length. 
Several handsome residences are located on beautiful sites in 
this neighborhood. Some of these lakes have pleasure boats, 
principally intended for tourists. Lake Lac La Belle has a 
steamboat capable of accommodating sixty persons. In this 
lake are two islands, one nine acres and the other four. Fish- 
ing and shooting are good in this locality. Oconomowoc has 
mineral water, which is highly spoken of as having curative 
properties in many complaints. This beautiful litrle town is 
supplied with good hotels, stores, tradesmen's shops and livery 
stables. 



LaCrosse, is a town on the Mississippi, containing a popula- 
tion (in 1870,) of 7,786. It is the terminus of the Milwaukee 
and LaCrosse railroad. This place commands a situation, 
which must, in time, make it a place of importance. A bridge 
is to be built across the Mississippi at this town, which will 
prove a vast advantage to the town and the opposite portion of 
Minnesota. LaCrosse possesses every advantage that land and 
water carriage can confer. 

Stevens Point, is now reached by more than one railroad, 
which must make it a place of some importance. It contained. 



OF Wisconsin. 249 

(in 1870,) a population of 1,810. Its agricultural and lumber 
resources, will soon make a great business point. 

DoDGEViLLE, (in 1870,) contained a population of 1,407. It 
is surrounded by a mineral district, which is also capable of 
producing every variety of crops raised in the State. 

Sparta, is situated near the head waters of the LaCrosse 
river. Twenty-five miles from the Mississippi river. The 
Milwaukee «fc St. Paul railway passes through it. Those who 
seek health and pleasure, will find the beautiful young city of 
Sparta unexceptionable in both. It has a number of Artesian 
wells from which are raised copious streams of water, said to 
possess many curative proprieties. In connection with those 
wells, is a Turkish bath which is highly spoken of. Sparta is 
becoming a place of considerable resort in the summer season. 
(In 1870,) Sparta had a population of 2,315, and is fast increas- 
ing. 

Shullsburuh, is situated in LaFayette county, its mineral 
resources are considerable, and (in 1870,) contained a popula- 
tion of 2,703, with several churches, hotels, and the usual me- 
chanics shops. This town is also supplied with common and 
private schools. 

Mineral Point, is a good town, lying in the southern part 
of Iowa county. Being in the heart of a prosperous mineral 
district, and having a railroad communication with Chicago, it 
must always command business. 

PlAtteville, this village is delightfully situated near the 
mounds of that name, (In 1870,) it contained 1,300 inhabi- 
tants. It is near a good mineral district. 

Berlin, in Marquette county, is a promising village, situated 
on the Fox River. It contained, (in 1870,) a population of 
1,778, and is surrounded by some of the best farming lands in 
the State. It has land and water carriage, and therefore is des- 
tined to become a point of some importance among the towns of 
the Northwest. 

Baraboo, is a town surrounded by good farming country, 
and has a most extensive water power, with iron ore in large 
quantities, at different points. Now it has the advantage of a 
railroad, which will open up the resources of the district. (In 
1870,) Baraboo had a population of 2,765. 



250 Industrial Resources 

RiPON, is a small town in Fond du Lac county, 22 miles west, 
from the city of that name. The Milwaukee &- Horicon rail- 
road passes through it, and a number of other roads connecting 
towns of some importance. The town has an excellent water 
power, which drives machinery. It has a Presbyterian College 
and a woolen factory, with hotels, schools, and churches. 

Chippewa Falls, is a small town, on the Chippewa river, 
containing (in 1870,) a population of 2,018. 

Columbus, this village in Columbia county, had (in 1870,) a 
population of 1,888. 

Stougiiton village, in Dann county, lies on the road from 
Madison to Milwaukee, and had a population of 889 (in 1870.) 

Beaver Dam, in Dodge county, had a population of 3,264. 
(in 1870.) This town is surrounded by good farming land, and 
is supplied with churches, schools, hotels, stores, and shops 
sufficient for the wants of the district. 

Fox Lake, is a village in Dodge county, containing a popu- 
lation af about 1,08(J inhabitants. 

BoscoBEL, is a small village in Grant county, containing a 
population of about 1,509 people. It also contains the village 
of Plattsville, containing a population of 2,537. 

Broadhead, in Green county called after the eminent engin- 
eer of that name, and President of the First National Bank of 
Milwaukee, contains a population of about 1,548. 

Monroe Village in Grant county, contains a population of 
3,404. 

REV. EDWARD R. WARD. 

Rev. Edward R. Ward was born in Masulipatam, in British 
India. His father was a Judge in the Madras Presidency, and 
died when his son was a year old. Mr. Ward was sent home 
to England to his grandfather, Samuel Neville Ward, Esq., of 
Baston, Kent, and was educated at Cheltenham College and 
Exeter College, Oxford, England. At both institutions he 
was a Prizeman, and Captain of the Eleven. He also at Ox- 
ford rowed in his College Eight. The subject of this brief 
sketch came over to this country in 1866, and after a residence 



OF Wisconsin. 251 

of three years or so in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, etc., 
came to study for Holy Orders at Nashotah Theological Semi- 
nary, in this State. While there he kept up the promise of 
his early years, being first in every examination during his 
course. He was ordained by Right Rev. Bishop Armitage, on 
Trinity Sunday, June 8th, 1872, and has since been detailed 
to work on the Mission of Wauwatosa, Greenfield, and the 
County Poor House and Hospital. At this latter place, Mr. 
Ward gives a service in German, weekly. 

The Rev. Mr. Ward belongs to the Neville family. The 
family, which once boasted a "King Maker," and which di- 
vides with the Courtenays the honor of being the " first family" 
of England. A younger branch of the family have estates in 
Ireland, near Innisfallen. Their crest is a Saracen's Head, 
with motto — " Sub cruce salus;" while the crest and coat of 
arms of the older (the English) branch is a wolf's head, erased, 
proper Lang gules, on a Shield Azure, Cross fleury, Or, with 
motto — '' Garde La Croix." Mr. Ward's grandfather, 
Samuel Neville Ward, Esq., added a punning English motto 
— For- Ward. 

It may be a matter of interest to some of our readers to state 
that when the Hon. William Pitt's property, " Holwood," was 
sold at his death to pay his debts, it passed into the Ward 
family, having been bought by John Neville Ward, Esqr., 
. brother of the S. N. Ward, grandfather of the subject of our 
sketch. 

Rev. Mr. Ward is the latest translator of "Horace;" and 
his translation differs from all others in the fact, that he pre- 
serves the metre of the witty, genial old Pagan. As his trans- 
lations are as yet unfinished, it would be manifestly unfair to 
criticise or praise them; but we invite all our readers to com- 
pare the two translations of the ode, " Quis multa gracilis" — 
the one made by John Milton, and the other by Mr. Ward, in 
the metre of the original. 

I had the pleasure of hearing the Rev. Mr. Ward go through 
the Protestant Episcopal church service and preach a sermon, 
and I am happy to state that he acquitted himself with great 
credit. He reads well, ,'and the sermon I heard him preach 
was impressive, eloquent, and convincing. From his general 



252 Biography. 

knowledge and scholastic attainments, I have no doubt but that 
he will attain to eminence in his profession, and prove himself 
a useful laborer in the vineyard of our Lord. 



NELSON WEBSTER. 

The subject of this sketch was born in Stockbridge, Berkshire 
county, Massachusetts, in May 1818, aijd educated in the same- 
place. After having finished his education, he was engaged in 
mercantile business in Norfolk, Connecticut, NeAv York, New 
Jersey, Troy, N. Y., and in New York city, from which place 
he came to Milwaukee in 1850, where he commenced the whole- 
sale liquor business at li)6 West Water street, under the name 
of Webster &. Averills. 

Nelson Webster could refer to land marks in his family, which 
time cannot deface. Charles Webster, the father of Nelson, 
was born at Hartford, Conn., and was nephew to Noah Web- 
ster, the never-to-be forgotten Lexicographer, and author of a 
dictionary, which will perpetuate his first name as long as the 
Ark that rested on the top of Mount Ararat will refer to his in- 
itial namesake Noah as its owner. Noah Webster is a bench 
mark, from which it is .an honor to count. No language or na- 
tion can boast of so complete a Dictionary as Websters. 

Nelson Webster was elected Sheriff of Milwaukee county, in 
1862, by the largest majority ever given for that office. It is 
but common justice to the memory of Mr. Webster to state that 
no one could have discharged the duties of the office of Sheriff 
with more credit to himself, and benefit to the public, than he. 
He possessed many good qualities of head and heart. He was 
honorable and upright as a merchant, and social and generous 
in his habits, as the writer can testify from personal knowledge, 
having lived in the same hotel with him for a considerable time. 
He died of a lingering illness in 1866, leaving a large business 
to his brothers, Henry D. & Charles Webster, who are now con- 
ducting the business on a large scale at 215 West Water street 
— a house of more than twenty-five years standing, doing a large 
and successful wholesale liquor business throughout every part 
of the State. 



History of My Time. 253 



EXTRACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF MY TIME. 



About fifty years ago, or perhaps three or four years more, 
I spent ten days at Derinane, the residence of Mr, Maurice 
O'Connell, uncle to Daniel O'Connell. He was then an old 
man, and had been for many years a magistrate and grand juror, 
which were then and are now posts of honor in Ireland. He 
was tall, handsome and intelligent, dressed fashionably, and 
was remarkable for having never worn a hat, his head-dress 
through life having been a cap. Hence the name by which he 
was known — Mirrish a cauppeen. Mr. O'Connell spoke Eng- 
lish and Irish fluently, and was remarkable for a tenacious mem- 
ory. He was very parsimonious in his habits, as I was told in 
the neighborhood, and especially by a clergyman who lived 
principally in his house. Having lived on the sea shore, and 
in a secluded spot almost inaccessible from the land side, he 
traded largely in smuggled goods, principally brandy, by which 
he amassed a large fortune, which he gave to his three nephews, 
Dan, John and James, the three sons of Morgan. With ready 
money at command, and living in a county remarkable for its 
hospitality and extravagance, he found frequent opportunities 
of investing his ready money profitably in the purchase of pro- 
perty from needy spendthrifts. His parsimony may be judged 
from the fact that he lived at Derinane for nearly a century, and 
went every Sunday and holyday to worship in a small, old 
chapel, with an altar built of rude stones, a family seat com- 
posed of a huge rock, with a straw boss (covering) on top. The 
walls, inside and outside, had no plaster or whitewash, and the 
edifice was lighted by one small window on each side ef the 
altar, the width being only one pane of glass, and height about 
two or three. He and I went to this place of public worship 
on Sunday, where I was much amused to see the people coming 
from every direction with a small bundle of sedge (grown on the 
quagmires) under their arm. In a short time after our arrival 
at the chapel, ten or twelve men went on the roof and shook the 
sedge from the ridge down on both sides, while Mr. O'Connell 
and I were looking on. My companion, whose sight by this 



254 Extracts from the 

time had considerably failed, would now and then say to the 
the thatchers, shake plenty over my seat as I brought you the 
wattles and sugauns. (straw ropes) The wattles were elder, 
which grows rapidly and is, in its early stage of growth, full of 
pulp. When the sedge was shaken on, straw ropes were thrown 
over the roof and both ends fa ^tened to the wattles, which were 
stretched along the eave of the building, and kept in their posi- 
tion by a stone attached to the end of each rope. Mr. O'Con- 
nell's house was rather a small and very plain, unpretending 
buildin"-, two stories high, with small windows and roof covered 
with thick, heavy slate. This house is still standing. The 
Liberator made large additions to it, worthy of the uncrowned 
monarch of Ireland. To give the edifice an air of antiquity, 
he christened it Derinane Abbey. 

The uncrowned monarch of Ireland did not owe his elevation 
or unlimited power to hereditary fortune or family titles. He 
could look to a much higher source for his exalted position and 
unlimited power. The universal voice of the people lifted him 
up; the universal voice of the people conferred on him power 
never before enjoyed so long by any one man. Derinane was 
not even his estate by descent, as it proved beyond doubt, by 
the following extract from Smith's History of Kerry, the highest 
authority extant on the statistics of ownership of property in 
Munster. He says : " Mr. Daniel O'Connell has built a farm 
house on the lands of Derinane, which he rents from the Earl of 
Orrary." This Mr. Daniel O'Connell was the grandfather of 
the Liberator, and the father of Morgan and Mirrish a Cau- 
peen; and the house that sheltered me for ten days was the 
identical farm house, mentioned by Smith, the reliable histo- 
rian. I have, however, seen O'Connell in the enjoyment of pro- 
perty amounting to <£4000 a year, — John O'Connell in the en- 
joyment of ,£3000 a year, and James O'Connell in the enjoy- 
ment of XTOOO a year. But all was acquired property. 

I was engaged in writing the natural and civil history of Kerry 
for about eighteen months, which obliged me to ransack the old 
records in Trinity College, the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal 
Dublin Society, and other libraries within my reach; and I must 
confess that I could not see any large possessions, in the way of 
descent, in the O'Connell family; but in my researches I 



History of My- Time. 257 

found considerable properties in the possession of others with 
whom the Liberator was connected. This does not detract 
from O'Connell's greatness the breadth of a mathematical line. 
The aristpcracy of hereditary property is not to be despised, if 
the owner discharges its duties as Avell as its rights. But the 
aristocracy of intellect is of a much higher order. One great 
mind, whose thoughts are borne on the wings of the press, does 
more to improve a nation and generations unborn, than ten 
thousand properties— yes, much more than countless acres. 
Newton in his Principae, Locke in his Essay on the Human 
Understanding; Laplace in his Celestial Mechanics; Bacon in 
his Art of Reasoning; Euclid in Geometry; Shakspeare in 
his Plays, and a few others of minor intellect, have done more 
to elevate human nature, and improve the condition of the hu- 
man family than could be effected by the property of ten thou- 
sand estates. 

What is the aristocracy of property in comparison with the 
aristocracy of talent ? the aristocracy of patriotism ? the aris- 
tocracy of virtue ? the aristocracy of honesty ? and the aristo- 
cracy of genuine hospitality ? This is the aristocracy that has 
a right to raise up many marble moauments to the memory of 
O'Connell throughout his native land. This aristocracy must, 
by right, continue to raise up monuments to the memory of that 
truly great man in every city, town and village in Ireland, sur- 
mounted by the uncrowned monarch, with a countenance of 
mingled feeling of pleasure and regret — pleasure for having 
done so much for his native land — regret for having left so much 
undone when he was cut off the stage of existence by the unde- 
served abuse of an ungrateful party. Yes, his iron frame bent 
under the weight of undeserved calumny. His massive frame 
sunk beneath a ponderous heap of accumulated filth and dirtj 
flung at him by an ungrateful party; and for what ? I will an- 
swer the question. For devoting the best part of a long life to 
improve the condition of a people, long suffering under the 
weight of centuries of misrule, poverty and distress. For hav- 
ing obtained Catholic emancipation, which placed his co-reli- 
gionists on the same level with the rest of the Queen's subjects. 
For having loosened the shackles that goaded and festered their 

limbs for centuries. For having abolished tithes, which they- 
16 



258 Extracts from the 

had to pay to a church in wliich they had no belief, and from 
Tvhich they received no benefit. For having opened the door 
(closed for centuries) that led to the bench, on which many a 
Roman Catholic now sits, dressed in ample robes, trimmed with 
the richest ermine, with curled wigs on their heads, Avhich gives 
them an air of solemn dignity. For having given up a lucra- 
tive profession, worth six thousand pounds a year, and spend- 
ing a private yearly fortune of four thousand in the service of 
his country. Was it for all this that Daniel O'Connell was 
killed ? Oh, no ! He was killed, because he received count- 
less sums every year from the people, which he was hoarding up 
for the use of an extravagant family, and for which he would 
render no account. He was killed, because he was promising 
a repeal of the Union, day after day, but never obtained it. 
But his greatest crime of all, which deserved more than killing, 
was, that he and the Catholic Bishops of Ireland did not head 
the young Ireland party and lead them to battle, (against the 
English) armed with cabbage stumps, and mounted a-cap-a-pee, 
and thus equipped, drive the ancient enemies of the Emerald 
Isle into the sea on the first charge. These, no doubt, are 
grave charges, for which O'Connell deserved punishment. I 
had almost forgotten to mention another charge brought against 
O'Connell, namely, that he dined once at the Castle, when the 
Marquis of Normanby was Viceroy of Ireland. In paying this 
visit to the Castle, he trod down a path from Merrion Square 
to the dinner table, which had been for years before covered 
over with grass. These base slanders are confuted by the fact 
that after O'Connell's death, the furniture, even to the very bed 
on which his eldest son slept, was sold to pay off incumbrances; 
and as to his unwillingness to publish an account of the money 
collected from the people, I can, from the best authority, assign 
his reason. A well written letter appeared in one of the Dub- 
lin morning papers, over the signature of a prominent member 
of the young Ireland party, calling on the people to demand of 
O'Connell to show how their subscriptions were disbursed, in- 
sinuating, among other matters, that " he was appropriating 
this public fund to his private purposes, and that he was selling 
his party for place, which was easily seen by looking at the 
beaten path leading from Merrian Square, south to the Castle." 



History of My Time. 259 

The state of his finances, soon after his death, proves how 
groundless one of the charges must have been; and nothing wag 
better known than that he was frequently pressed, by several 
successive Governments, to accept of a Peerage or a seat on the 
Bench. He was offered the place of Master of the Rolls, worth 
X6000 a year, which he sternly refused. He would not even 
take a silk gown. On the day this scurrilous letter appeared, 
I had a dinner party at the College of Civil Engineering, (fee, 
and among the persons invited was an eminent lawyer, now a 
Queen's Council, who was in all O'Connell's secrets, and a 
hard-working patriot of the day. For the purpose of talking to 
this gentleman on the subject of this scurrilous letter, I placed 
him next myself at the dinner table, and asked if it could be 
possible that there was any truth in the allegations put forward 
in that morning's paper, in reference to O'Connell. He replied 
by saying, that that rascal knew how every shilling of that fund 
was spent as well as I do, and I know it to a farthing. In the 
first place, O'Connell must necessarily spend a great deal of it 
in travelling through the country on the people's business. To- 
day he makes a speech at Bandon, to-morrow in Cork, the next 
day in Clonmel, the day after at Kilkenny, and so on through 
the length and breadth of the land. All this he cannot do with- 
out a large outlay. The next occurrence that takes place is 
the murder of a landlord, by some fellow who is to be tried in 
the county of Kilkenny for the barbarous act. We hear of it, 
and though O'Connell and all his party are as far from approv- 
ing or encouraging such inhuman deeds as any people on earth, 
yet it is a part of our policy to defend the people when treated 
with severity by those above them; so we send Costello to Kil- 
kenny to defend this man; the next day we send O'Heagan to 
the north to defend another who is guilty of some breach of the 
law, perhaps for shooting an Orangeman. The next unpleasant 
duty is to send Tom Steel to Sligo, to look after matters there. 
He cannot go without money to defray his expenses, among 
which are a few tumblers of punch in the day. Costello will 
not go to Kilkenny without a large fee — O'Heagan will not go 
to the north without a large fee. 1 cannot go to Tipperary to 
plead for a fellow who shot his landlord, without a fee; and how 
would the following items appear on the face of a public news- 



260 EXRACTS FROM THE 

paper : Cash to Costello for advocating the case of Patrick 
O'Brien, who was tried for killing his landlord — so much ; to 
Tom Steel to defray his expenses to Sligo, where he was sent 
to put down some plot which was hatching there, the object of 
which was to shoot two or three conservative gentlemen who 
incurred the displeasure of these lawless set of fellows. The 
next item would be, cash to Mr. O'Heagan for pleading the 
cause of Bill Malony, who shot an Orangeman. That fellow 
who wrote the letter which appeared in this morning's paper, 
was aware that O'Connell or his party dare not put such items 
before the public, and he to©k advantage of the difficulty of the 
case to abuse him." If this gentleman could pocket some of 
the fees himself, no one would ever hear his complaint. I knew 
him well — he was well educated, and possessed good talents, 
but not more ready cash than truth and sincerity. There were 
many of his party similarly circumstanced. The noblest animal 
is often stung to death by wasps; so was the noblest of men 
stung to death by the young Ireland party. But O'Connell's 
greatest crime was, that he and the Catholic bishops and priests 
did not arm the Irish with "pikes and cabbage stumps," and 
lead them into battle against the ancient foes of their country, 
whom surely they could drive them into the sea on the very 
first charge. O'Connell loved the Irish people too well to sac- 
rifice them — the bishops and priests placed too high a value 
on their followers to lead them to the slaughter. 

The Catholic Bishops of Ireland are men of education, well 
versed in the history of their country; pious, peaceable and ex- 
emplary. The experience of the past, and the present circum- 
stances of the country did not inspire them with much hope of 
Success. Under O'Connell's teaching they saw no advantage 
in placing the nations under the dominion of any other crown 
than that of Great Britain, as the change of masters would be 
only a change from bad to worse. They also were well aware 
that a republican form of government in a country like Ireland, 
could not last for a moment. But the chief and weightiest con- 
sideration that influenced their action in the matter, was the 
folly, madness and futility of going to war with the most power- 
ful nation on earth, with the positive certainty of being slaugh- 
tered like sheep. 



History of My Time. 261 

It does not show much wisdom to undertake anything without 
some chance of success, and it shows much less wisdom to un- 
dertake a task which is manifestly impossible to accomplish. 
No one in his reason will venture all his fortune at play, when 
he sees all the chances are against him and none in his favor. 
Under the teaching of O'Connell, the bishops of Ireland saw 
no possible chance of coping with England, with the most 
powerful army and navy in the world, and steamboats innumer- 
able to land troops and all the necessary munitions of war in a 
few hours at any point of Ireland. Ireland had no navy, no 
arms, no resources. She had men, it is true, but they were di- 
vided. The north would fight against the south, while every 
man, north and south, owning an inch of property. — Catholic, 
Protestant and Presbyterian, was anxious to preserve the peace, 
and naturally unwilling to risk his fortune in an unequal con- 
test, with so many odds against him. Property is always con- 
servative, while the absence of it is often the reverse. James 
O'Connell always trembled at the idea that his brother would 
bring the people too near the precipice of a revolution, which 
the Liberator never intended, his policy being invariably paci- 
fic. The stately oak is often killed by the most helpless creeper 
in its parisitical grasp. The bitter wormwood, and other 
creepers, will grow rapidly when supported by the monarch of 
the forest; but when allowed to entwine themselves round the 
trunk, it will soon loose its vitality and fall prostrate on the 
ground, bringing with it all the creepers it helped to support, 
which are also soon out of existence. O'Connell raised up a 
numerous group of young aspirants to fame. He encouraged 
talent, but fearing the fate of the oak, he kept them all at a dis- 
tance. He never allowed any one to cope with him, which 
many considered an ungenerous trait in his character; but 
knowing that if Ireland had two or three O'Connells, he was 
sure to lose that power which kept the people together for half 
a century; and, his influence being once gone, Ireland Avould 
soon lio prostrate, and lose its political existence. O'Connell 
well knew that unity of numbers was strength, and individual 
strength weakness. He read the wise fable of the bundle of 
sticks, and implicitly relying on the wisdom of Esop, he 
strictly adopted the moral. Hence his memorable saying, 



262 Extracts from the 

" unity is strength, division is weakness." O'Connell knew 
all this, and time proved that he was right. One time George 
the Third, King of England, when staying at Windsor Castle, 
took a walk, and having been overtaken by a shower, he took 
shelter in a school-house on the roadside. When he entered, he 
took ofi" his hat and Avas asked b}^ the teacher to take a seat. 
The teacher, though aAvare he was in the presence of majesty, 
continued to go through the ordinary routine of the business of 
his school, never .taking the least notice of his Majesty, nor 
even condescending to take off his hat. When the shower was 
over, the king stood up, bowed to the schoolmaster, and took 
his departure. When the king bowed, uncovered, the school- 
master nodded a response, never attempting to stand up or take 
off his hat. A gentleman, who witnessed his conduct, asked 
him "why he acted so rudely?" He replied, "that if his 
scholars discovered that there was a greater man than himself, 
or even an equal in England, he could not keep his scholars to- 
gether, or control them for one day." I guess, as the Yankee 
would say,* that O'Connell must have taken a lesson from the 
English schoolmaster. lie well knew that if the Irish people 
were aware that Ireland had his equal, his influence was gone, 
and the unity, which he maintained for half a century, would 
soon be divided and broken up; and being once divided weak- 
ness would, necessarily, soon follow. A knowledge of this fact 
induced O'Connell to crush any one, friend or foe, .who at- 
tempted to cope with him. The past history o^ his country 
taught him a useful lesson. England had long found out an 
easy way of subduing Ireland. The treacherous McMorough 
taught the fatal lesson, when he invited Strongbow to invade 
Ireland and render him assistancti to crush and subdue a neigh- 
boring chief with whom he was at war. The invitation was of 
course readily accepted, and McMorough' ts enemies were soon 
conquered, and their properties given to Strongbow's followers, 
which they possess to this very day, except what was sold under 
the Irish Encumbered Estate Bill. Internal feuds weaken the 



* Doctor Wheatloy, tlie bite Aroliliisliop of Dublin, rehitiui this ami many other aimising 
anecdotes, relating to the lowest clas^ of schoolmustcrM in Lomton, at one of the quarterly 
dinners of the Dublin Literary Teachers Society at which I presided by right of my posi- 
tion as Vice-President, my croiipear being the late Right Reverend Bishop of Moath, who 
is a Right Honorable, being the only Privy Counsellor among the Irish Bishops. 



History of My Time. 263 

strongest nation, which, when once divided by domestic party 
quarrels, soon falls an easy prey to an invading army. Eng- 
land saw that Ireland was never unanimous in carrying out any 
measure calculated to improve the condition of her people, and 
she took special care to foment and. keep up those domestic 
quarrels, which have always divided and weakened the nation. 
The Irish parliament was taken away, not by force, but by 
the treachery of the Irish themselves, who divided upon the 
question, the majority in the Irish parliament having sold their 
country and national rights for money, places and titles. By 
this means England never had any difficulty in keeping Ireland 
in subjection. O'Connell knew all this, and, therefore, he 
never formed an idea of making Ireland a separate nation by 
force of arms. The ludicrous battle in the widow McCor- 
mack's cabbage garden, proved O'Connell's wisdom in making 
every effort, and trying every available means to improve the 
condition of his country by bloodless agitation, without having 
recourse to arms; a measure which he never contemplated. The 
young party charge him with inconsistency and deception, in 
having raised the expectation of the people by repeated pro- 
mises of a domestic parliament in College Green. O'Connell 
well knew that England made use of every means that money 
could commaod, and promises of preferment and titles were 
calculated to seduce in order to rob Ireland of her domestic 
parliament; and he also knew that England would shed the last 
drop of blood in her veins before she would surrender what she 
had obtained with so much difficulty and trouble, and at such 
an 'enormous cost. He tried every means that ingenuity could 
invent and patriotism could inspire to get equal rights for Ire- 
land.* He coaxed, he flattered, he abused; he even wore Orange 
and Green to conciliate the Orangemen of the north; he dined 
with the Marquis Normanby, to show his approval of his Excel- 
lency's conduct on some particular occasion; he did everything 
that was possible to be done; but all was not sufficient to relax 
the iron grasp of the ancient foe. Seeing then that words would 
not do, he thought he would try what virtue there was in 

* The conduct of Ea<;land low.u-as Irolaiid h;i.s ch iiigod since V.i>>> was written. Ireland is 
now governed by the same evc:i-]i mded justice as Kngland and Scotland. Tlie government 
of England is grant! n,' all the co )ces.sio:js that Ireland can reasonabij' demand or desire, and 
I hope will continue to do so. 



264 Extracts from the 

threats. So he set about holding his monster meeting, to show 
England the united numerical force of the Irish nation. This, 
I am confident, had the effect of extorting from England's fear 
what he could not obtain from her sense of justice. The Duke 
of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel came into office, and wit- 
nessed the gigantic magnitude of O'Connell's monster meet- 
ing. 

The greatest opponents to Catholic emancipation thought it 
more prudent to grant that measure than to expend unknown 
sums in suppressing public sentiment, so universally diffused, 
and preventing public demonstrations, systematically organized 
and peaceably carried out through the length and breadth of the 
nation. 

Having obtained this just right for the Catholics of Ireland, 
O'Connell was in a better position to demand more, as he and 
several others of his persuasion got seats in the House of Com- 
mons, where they could plead the cause of their country with 
more effect. His next effort was to abolish tithes, which were 
unjust, and most ol" noxious to the Roman Catholics. O'Con- 
nell was an adroit, fearless and untiring general, fighting the 
battles of his country against a superior force, securely en- 
trenched behind barriers thrown up during seven preceding cen- 
turies by the English government to prevent the Irish from par- 
ticipating in those laws, made solely to protect and benefit Eng- 
land and ruin Ireland. O'Connell never intended to spill a 
drop of Irish blood in an attempt to obtain what he well knew 
was absolutely beyond his power; still he kept up his peaceable 
agitation and monster meeting, with the view to get justice, bit 
by bit, for Ireland, which was his policy. 

Though O'Connell was right in keeping every flippant as- 
pirant, who sought notoriety without solid pretensions, at a 
civil distance, yet he sometimes exhibited in his conduct and 
manner unmistakable symptoms of a jealous lust for exclusive 
and undivided honor, not at all times favorable to the cause he 
advocated. His desire for pre-eminence and personal honor in 
his patriotic struggles to establish the independence of his na- 
tive country, which had for centuries been pining away under 
the accumulated pressure of English tyranny, injustice and mis- 
rule, lowered his dignity as a patriotic leader, and detracted 



History of My Time 265 

considerably from his wonted sense of justice,* and his favorite 
doctrine of free discussion. He was never known to spare friend 
or foe who differed in opinion from himself. This was, per- 
haps, the weakest point in his whole character. No one who 
has not heard him, could form an idea of the expedition with 
which he would silence and dispatch an adversary. He was 
best at everything he undertook. In the forest he was an un- 
bending and stately oak; among the mountains he was Mount 
Blanc; among the orators he was occasionally a Curran, a 
Floid and a Grattan, combining the peculiar talent of the three; 
as a true patriot he stood alone and had no equal; as a com- 
panion he always charmed by his wit and general conversation; 
as a scold, he proved himself an overmatch for a Dublin fish- 
woman; as a bully, to cow down his political opponent, he was 
a lion; as a Christian he was truly pious, strictly observing the 
peculiar rites and ceremonies of his church. In his public 
speeches and demonstrations he assumed a certain degree of re- 
ligious bigotry, and always put forward his religion to catch the 
multitude, well knowing that that was the most sensitive nerve 
to touch in order to rouse the ardent feelings of the Irish, and 
enlist all their faculties and energies in his cause; at home and 
in private no one was more tolerant to others professing a dif- 
ferent creed from his, and less anxious to obtrude his religious 
opinions on others, as is proved by the inscription over his par- 
lor door at Derrinane Abbey—" No politics or religion to be 
discussed here." When he went to his native mountains, to 
recruit his health, he gathered around him men of all creeds and 
politics, to whom he dispensed the characteristic hospitaliHes 
of his nation in the style of an eastern prince. As a friend, 
O'Connell was steadfast and sincere; as an enemy he was for- 
midable, but forgiving, always ready and willing to assist his 
vanquished foe. He was a man of courage, though he declined 
to fight from religious motives. Destare forced a quarrel on 
him, and he shot him dead in a duel. This unfortunate event 
he regretted all his life. To atone for the misfortune of the 
widow, ho allowed her a pension of one hundred pounds a year 

• The conduct of the Loidoii schi)i)liniister m il.- siicli an impression on O'Conneli, that 
he thouifht it move wisi- to follow his ox^inphMlMi to allovv new iisj):ianis to oLX-upy the 
plat'orni he ha^l i>fC'i!)'eil alone loi- liall'a century. 



26G Extracts from the 

during her lifetime. In debate O'Connell was powerful, elo- 
quent, logical and convincing. He always suited his language 
to his audience. In addressing an Irish crowd his language 
was familiar, but witty; homely, but sarcastic, apparently un- 
connected and digressive, from the fact that he watched every 
movement and expression of his hearers, of which he never fail- 
ed to take advantage. When he was most excursive, he did 
most execution, and gained most applause from the crowd. No 
man ever possessed O'Connell's peculiar tact in addressing an 
Irish crowd; no one knew so well how to ealist all their sympa- 
thies in any cause which he advanced and keep them together 
in unity of purpose. Of this he gtive ample proof, from the 
single fact of being able to lead the Irish people and keep them 
together in advocating the cause of his long oppressed country 
for half a century. It is not by isolated cases that a fair judg- 
ment can be formed of the characteristic attributes of any man. 
A dazzling meteor may occasionally ascend, and aftei' having 
consumed all the scanty combustible materials of which it is 
composed, falls with an accelerated motion to its mother earth; 
a glow worm, set in a blaze by an electric spark, ascends and 
illuminates for a moment, but the next instant all id enveloped 
in dismal darkness; the ignis fatuus, by its temporary light, 
allures the unwaty traveller from his course and soon leaves 
him in darkness, confused and bewildered, unable to retrace his 
steps or find his way. O'Connsll was no rocket, which pleased 
for a moment and fell to the ground; he was no glow worm, 
which lit up for an instant and disappeared; he was no Will-o'- 
the-wisp, that held out false light to deceive; no, he Avas the 
nuclous of a wonderful comet, with a tail of immense length, 
composed of millions of the Irish people. He moved around 
his native Island for fifty years, frightening his enemies with 
the fabulous forbodings, attributed to that class of terrestial 
visitors. No doubt he frightened them out of Catholic emanci- 
pation, the unjust tithe system and other concessions. It is a 
notion of long standing that comets are forerunners of war, 
pestilence and famine; and, alas! Ireland, contrary to the 
wishes of O'Connell, commenced a foolish war, which ended in- 
gloriously. Ireland was visited by famine and pestilence, 
which swept away the people by tens of thousands. I saw these 



HrsTORV OF My Time. 267 

appalling scourges stalking tlirough the land with fearful strides, 
cutting down men, women and children as they went along. I 
saw men, apparently in good health, but emaciated and weaken- 
ed by hunger, sit down on the roadside and die, as appeared to 
me, without pain, and quite unconscious that their troubles and 
mortal career were so soon to be at an end. I saw men and 
women stretched on a wisp of straw at the back of the road 
fences, without any one to help them to a drink of water, de- 
pending solely on the casual traveller to render them assist- 
ance. Their moans this moment pierce my heart. I sicken at 
the recollection of those scenes of desolation and death. As I 
passed along, the bare and schrivelled hand of the prostrate 
fever patient, inside the fence, claimed pity and assistance in 
silent language, full of eloquence. Weakened by hunger and 
disease, the dying man lost his speech, and implored assistance 
by lifting up the hand, which had a more powerful effect than if 
solicited in the most pathetic language of poetry. To attempt 
a description of all I witnessed and heard during the famine in 
Ireland, would require a talent and power of description which 
I do not possess. I drop the painful subject here, but T shall 
resume it again. 

O'Connell possessed within himself all the attributes of a 
national leader. His person was large, handsome, (I should 
have said fine) and imposing; his constitution robust; his step 
firm and unfaltering, indicating great physical strength and 
firmness of purpose; his head was large, well formed and desti- 
tute of hair. He wore a wig, which he shifted quickly from side 
to side, with both hands when he was in real earnest, or wanted 
a new idea. 

It is impossible to do justice to the brilliant eloquence and 
unanswerable arguments of O'Connell in combating his political 
opponents in the English House of Commons. On many occa- 
sions, when it was known that he was about to plead the cause 
of unfortunate Ireland, on a certain day appointed for that pur- 
pose, several members, unfriendly to the cause he was about to 
advocate, would form a combination against him, with a view of 
preventing him from getting a hearing. When he stood up to 
speak, those who conspired against him would instantly com- 
mence to interrupt him, but his moral courage could not be sub- 



268 Extracts from the 

dued; he stood unmoved like the pillar of Hercules. His very 
look and defiant attitude was sufficient to cow them into pro- 
priety, and from the moment he uttered the first word till he 
had done, the auditory might hear a pin drop on the floor. Dur- 
ing his speech they were rivited to their seats in silent admira- 
tion of the man. On several of these occasions I witnessed 
his matchless power in combating the combined force of several 
of the opposing clique. Sir Robert Peel possessed all the ne- 
cessary qualities of a refined and classical speaker. His person 
was imposing and gentlemanly, his language chaste and flowing; 
his arguments strong and clear; but his manner wanted life and 
vigor. Lord John Russell was, by many degrees, the inferior 
of Sir Robert Peel. His speeches read well, but lost all their 
force in the delivery. He was never at a loss for words or a 
plausible argument, but was wanting in life and energy. 

There was something in 0' Connell's manner which captivated 
his hearers. Whenever he stood up to speak on any important 
question, I instantly felt the blood flow to my head before he 
had titpe to utter the second sentence. My sympathies with 
the man, and previous knowledge of his extraordinary abilities, 
had something to do in exciting my feelings. Apart from the 
eloquence of an Irish speaker, he throws so much fire iato his 
sui>ject, that he sets all his hearers in a blaze. Shiel was gift- 
ed with this peculiar power. His quick and hasty manner and 
piercing voice, by no means agreeable, and his brilliant elo- 
quence never failed to electrify his audience. He composed and 
committed to memory all his great speeches. 

He had good taste for poetry and was well educated. He had 
some knowledge of mathematical science, and was particularly 
fond of algebra. He and I would occasionally meet in the 
evening, on our way to our respective homes, and, in passing 
his house, he would ask me in to discuss some abstruse problem 
in algebra. 



Biography. 269 

PROF. ALBERT MARKHAM 

Was born in the State of Massachusetts, October 8th, 1831. 
He was the youngest son of Capt. Luther Markham, a sturdy 
and enterprising farmer in the old Bay State. The mother of 
the latter, and grandmother of the subject of this sketch, was 
Lucy Alden, a direct descendant of the celebrated John Alden 
of the Mayflower. 

Prof. Markham was educated at Brown University, Rhode 
Island, and soon after his collegiate course entered upon the 
occupation of teaching, an occupation in which he has been un- 
interruptedly employed for the past seventeen years. He began 
his educational work in Milwaukee in 1859 ; during this year 
and the following one he held the position of principal of the 
First Ward Public School ; subsequently he was appointed to 
the Seventh Ward Public School. The latter position he re- 
signed after a brief space, to accept one of greater responsi- 
bility, that of Superintendent of Public Schools in the city of 
Niles, Mich. In this position, which he held during the first 
four years of the great rebellion, he established an enviable 
reputation as one of the most successful educators of the State. 
The educational records of Michigan leave ample testimony to 
his eminent services. In the fall of 1864 Prof. Markham re- 
signed his position in Niles, Mich., and returning to Milwau- 
kee, inaugurated a movement which, through his untiring eflPorts, 
resulted in the establishment of our excellent and widely known 
Milwaukee Academy. This institution is stili under his charge. 
Here the best efiForts of his professional life have been enlisted" 
and here the choice fruits of his labors have been seen and ap- 
preciated by all. The high reputation which our Mihvaukee 
Academy sustains, both at home and abroad, is an eloquent 
eulogium upon the eminent^scholarship and ability of its prin- 
cipal. 



THE MILWAUKEE ACADEMY. 

Such an institution as the Milwaukee Academy was much 
needed in the Northwest, and much praise is due to the trustees 
ot the Academy for having supplied us with the means of keep- 



270 Milwaukee Academy. 

in^T pace with the growincr intellisi;ence of the aire. From the 
experience, general knowledge and high character of Professor 
Markham, the principal, there is no doubt but that the object 
they had in view will be arrived at in due time. The pros- 
pectu-^ states that " it is the aim of this school to furnish the best 
facilities for a thorough and extended Academic education for 
boys and young men. It receives boys at an early age, and 
carries them through a progressive course of study and disci- 
pline, such as is calculated to qualify them either for entering 
the university or engaging in business pursuits. Fitting boys 
for college is made a specialty of the Institution. Students in 
the college-preparatory course are thoroughly drilled in the first 
principles of the Latin and Greek languages, and thereby a 
permanent foundation is laid for high classical scholarship. 
This course, as marked out, extends through four years ; yet, 
by the more mature class of students, it may be accomplished 
in three years. 

The En'^'-lish and Scientific Course embraces a wide range of 
studies, including the higher English branches, the various de- 
partments of Natural Science, and extends into the higher Ma- 
thematics. This course is designed for those students, who, 
not choosing a collegiate education, desire to pursue such 
studies as shall have an immediate application to busines pur- 
suits. This course occupies four years, and its classes hold a 
co-ordinate rank with the corresponding classes in the Classical 
Course. 

It is our aim at all times to employ such methods of instruc- 
tion as shall best promote the individual interests of the pupil. 
We do not believe in the so-called "■ grade system," when car- 
ried to such extremes, as is too often the case, that the interests 
of a large percentage of the pupils must be sacrificed merely for 
the sake of the "system" itself. A mode of classification 
which of necessity retards the more active pupils, for the ac- 
commodation of the slower ones, is fixulty and wrong. That a 
pupil must be assigned to a lower " grade," and be obliged to 
pursue all the prescribed studies therein, merely because of 
his deficiency in some one or two branches, is a requirement 
both unreasonable and unjust. "We do not believe in attempt- 
ing any such leveling process. In the realm of mind, as in the 



Milwaukee Academy. 271 

physical creation, nature ordains endless diversity, not same- 
ness; and in all the processes of mental culture Ave would aid 
the developement of individuality, rather than suppress it, by 
adapting instruction, as far as, may be, to the peculiar char- 
acteristics and condition of each mind with which we are dealing. 
The grand object to be accomplished by the Institution, as it 
is the chief end of all true education, is to afford its pupils such 
culture, both intellectual and moral, as shall give vigorous de- 
velopement to the mental faculties, stimulate true manly qual- 
ities and good morals, and, in short lay the foundations for 
intelligent and honorable manhood." 

An institution, such as the Milwaukee Academy, was much 
needed in the NortbAvest. A very broad space was visible be- 
tween the educational course taught in the Common Schools 
and that read in the Colleges ; the aim of the Milwaukee Aca- 
demy is to fill up this space and establish a continuous course 
of education more in accordance with the growing intelligence 
of the country, and better suited to qualify young men, who 
aspire to the higher walks in science and general literature, to 
enter College. The Common Schools have done much to ele- 
vate the character of the country by giving the masses an op- 
portunity of learning to read and write, by which they have 
caught a glimpse of the gigantic strides taken in European 
countries in the higher regions of science, Avhile the vacant 
space between the educational courses mentioned above remained 
a blank. There was a cause for this ; as boys are taken from 
school as soon as their services are made available in field opera- 
tions or other domestic employments. But the continuous 
stream from foreign countries to this, and the yearly improved 
worldly condition of our people, will render the assistance of 
young boys in dpmestic employments less needed, year after 
year: therefore I Avould recommend all young men who have 
time, leisure, and means, and especially who are blessed with 
intellectual capacity and a laudable desire to make their mark, 
and distinguish themselves in the world, to take advantage of 
the Milwaukee Academy, now ready to supply all their wants 
and desires. In entering upon science, let them commence 
with axioms or self-evident principles, taking care, to take 
nothing, not self-evident, for granted, but deduce one conse- 



272 Milwaukee Academy. 

quence from another, by which the mind is enlarged and de- 
lighted, and the reflecting youth, with a full determination to 
persevere, and with exei'tions indefatigable and commensurate, 
trace the object of contemplation to the end, and deduce sure 
and satisfactory conclusions. But if he works by rule, and not 
by reason, as is too much the practice, he wanders in doubt and 
darkness, every effort he makes is retarted, and his toil- 
some steps which leave no sure or permanent trace behind are 
attended with new difficulties and endless perplexities ; and if 
he forgets his rules, he is as helpless as when he began. 

The subordinate departments of this Institution are under 
the superintendence of competent teachers. 

Ancient and Modern History, Elocution, Geography, Vocal 
Music. 

The instution has a Gymnasium, and a Mineralogical Collec- 
tion, also a collection of Chemical and Philosophical Ap- 
paratus. 

Nothing could be more complete or better arranged than the 
course of instruction and study in the Milwaukee Academy. 

Young men, residing in distant parts of this and adjoining 
States, will doubtless take advantage of the inducements held 
out by the Milwaukee Academy ; it is to be regretted that they 
cannot be accommodated with board and lodging in the build- 
ing under the immediate care of the principal. It is to be 
hoped, that this want will be supplied in time. It is also de- 
sirable that the Trustees of the Academy, devote part of the 
Museum to a Collection, to illustrate the science of Natural 
History, such as birds, fishes, insects, reptiles, etc., etc. 

Under the fostering care of the Board of Trustees, composed, 
as it is, of some of the most respectable citizens of Milwaukee, 
the Milwaukee Academy must, in due time, become one of the 
most prominent educational institutions of the country. 

Board of Trustees: — C. F. Ilsley, President; T. W. 
Goodrich, Treasurer; B. K. Miller, Secretary; J. A. Dutcher, 
John Nazro, J. H. Inbusch, J. H. Van Dyke, J. T. Bradford, 
Elias Friend. 



LB Mr 12 



